Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19

In December 2019, the world witnessed the occurrence of a new coronavirus to humanity. The disease spread quickly and became known as a pandemic globally, affecting both society and the health care system, both the elderly and young groups of people, and both the men’s and women’s groups. It was a universal challenge that immediately caused a surge in scientific research. Be a part of a world rising in fighting against the pandemic, the Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19 was depicted in the early days of the pandemic, but updated by more than 200 scientists and clinicians to include many facets of this new infectious pandemic, including i, characteristics, ecology, and evolution of coronaviruses; ii, epidemiology, genetics, and pathogenesis (immune responses and oxidative stress) of the disease; iii, diagnosis, prognosis, and clinical manifestations of the disease in pediatrics, geriatrics, pregnant women, and neonates; iv, challenges of co-occurring the disease with tropical infections, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and cancer and to the settings of dentistry, hematology, ophthalmology, and pharmacy; v, transmission, prevention, and potential treatments, ranging from supportive ventilator support and nutrition therapy to potential virus- and host-based therapies, immune-based therapies, photobiomodulation, antiviral photodynamic therapy, and vaccines; vi, the resulting consequences on social lives, mental health, education, tourism industry and economy; and  vii, multimodal approaches to solve the problem by bioinformatic methods, innovation and ingenuity, globalization, social and scientific networking, interdisciplinary approaches, and art integration. We are approaching December 2020 and the still presence of COVID-19, asking us to call it COVID (without 19).

Chapter 1. Introduction on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: The Global Challenge (Nima Rezaei, Saboura Ashkevarian, Mahsa Keshavarz Fathi, Sara Hanaei, Zahra Kolahchi, Seyedeh-Sanam Ladi Seyedian, Elham Rayzan, Mojdeh Sarzaeim, Aida Vahed, Kawthar Mohamed, Sarah Momtazmanesh, Negar Moradian, Zahra Rahimi Pirkoohi, Noosha Sameeifar, Mahsa Yousefpour, Sepideh Sargoli, Saina Adiban, Aida Vahed, Niloufar Yazdanpanah, Heliya Ziaei, Amene Saghazadeh).- Chapter 2. Coronaviruses: What Should We Know About the Characteristics of Viruses? (Wei Ji).- Chapter 3. Ecology and Evolution of Betacoronaviruses (Eduardo Rodríguez-Román, Adrian J. Gibbs).- Chapter 4. The Epidemiologic Aspects of COVID-19 Outbreak: Spreading Beyond Expectations (Sara Hanaei, Farnam Mohebi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Parnian Jabbari, Surinder Kumar Mehta, Liudmyla S. Kryvenko, Livio Luongo, Lodc Dupré, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 5. The Incubation Period of COVID-19: Current Understanding and Modeling Technique (Char Leung).-Chapter 6. Coronavirus: Pure Infectious Disease or Genetic Predisposition (Farzaneh Darbeheshti, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohammad Bashashati, Saeid Ghavami, Sepideh Shahkarami, Samaneh Zoghi, Sudhir Gupta, Jordan S. Orange, Hans D. Ochs, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 7. Genetic Polymorphisms in the Host and COVID-19 Infection (Joris R. Delanghe, Marc L. De Buyzere, Marijn M. Speeckaert).- Chapter 8. How COVID-19 Has Globalized: Unknown Origin, Rapid Transmission, and the Immune System Nourishment (Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 9. Potential Anti-viral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV (Mahzad Akbarpour, Laleh Sharifi, Amir Reza Safdarian, Pooya Farhangnia, Mahdis Borjkhani, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 10. COVID-19 and Cell Stress (Abdo A Elfiky, Ibrahim M Ibrahim, Fatma G Amin, Alaa M Ismail, Wael M Elshemey).- Chapter 11. Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 (Mahsa Eskian, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 12. Pediatrics and COVID-19 (Tuna Toptan, Sandra Ciesek, SebastianHoehl).- Chapter 13. Geriatrics and COVID-19 (Mona Mirbeyk, Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 14. Coronavirus Diseases in Pregnant Women, the Placenta, Fetus, and Neonate (David A. Schwartz, Amareen Dhaliwal).- Chapter 15. COVID-19 in Patients with Hypertension (Thiago Quinaglia, Mahsima Shabani, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 16. COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Diseases (Babak Geraiely, Niloufar Samiei, Parham Sadeghipour, Azita Haj Hossein Talasaz, Seyedeh Hamideh Mortazavi, Roya Sattarzadeh Badkoubeh).- Chapter 17. How Prevalent Is Cancer in Confirmed Cases with Coronaviruses and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes? (Maryam Fotouhi, Elham Samami, Sahar Mohseni, Amir Nasrollahizadeh, Mohammad Haddadi, Mona Mirbeyk, Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 18. COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer (Ali Nowroozi, Sepideh Razi, Kamal Kant Sahu, Fabio Grizzi, Jann Arends, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 19. COVID-19 and Tropical Infection: Complexity and Concurrence (Pathum Sookaromdee, Viroj Wiwanitkit).- Chapter 20. Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19 (Farnaz Delavari, Farnaz Najmi Varzaneh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 21. Autoimmune Processes Involved in Organ System Failure Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2 (Steven E. Kornguth, Robert J. Hawley).- Chapter 22. Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Severity, Criticality, and Mortality in COVID-19: A Multisystem Disease (Bahareh Gholami, Samira Gholami, Amir Hossein Loghman, Behzad Khodaei, Simin Seyedpour, Nasrin Seyedpour, Amene Saghazadeh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 23. Diagnostic Tests for COVID-19 (Tung Phan, Kristin Nagaro).- Chapter 24. The Role of Medical Imaging in COVID-19 (Houman Sotoudeh, Masoumeh Gity).- Chapter 25. Therapeutic Development in COVID-19 (Chan Yang, Yuan Huang, Shuwen Liu).- Chapter 26. Immune-based Therapy for COVID-19 (Abdolreza Esmaeilzadeh, Davood Jafari, Safa Tahmasebi, Reza Elahi, Elnaz Khosh).- Chapter 27. Ventilatory Support in Patients with COVID-19 (Paolo Maria Leone, Matteo Siciliano, Jacopo Simonetti, Angelena Lopez, Tanzira Zaman, Francesco Varone, Luca Richeldi).- Chapter 28. Nutrition and Immunity in COVID-19 (Marjan Moallemian Isfahani, Zahra Emam-Djomeh, Idupulapati M. Rao, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 29. Dietary Supplements for COVID-19 (Gerard E. Mullin, Berkeley Limektkai, Lin Wang, Patrick Hanaway, Loren Marks, Edward Giovannucci).- Chapter 30. Photobiomodulation and Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID-19 Management (Reza Fekrazad, Sohrab Asefi, Maryam Pourhajibagher, Farshid Vahdatinia, Sepehr Fekrazad, Abbas Bahador, Heidi Abrahamse, Michael R Hamblin).- Chapter 31. The COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape (Till Koch, Anahita Fathi, Marylyn M. Addo).- Chapter 32. Prevention of COVID-19: Preventive Strategies for General Population, Health Care Settings, and Various Professions (Shirin Moossavi, Kelsey Fehr, Hassan Maleki, Simin Seyedpour, Mahdis Keshavarz-Fath, Farhad Tabasi, Mehrdad Heravi, Rayka Sharifian, Golnaz Shafiei, Negin Badihian, Roya Kelishadi, Shahrzad Nematollahi, Majid Almasi, Saskia Popescu, Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 33. Pharmacist Role and Pharmaceutical Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic (Pedro Amariles, Mónica Ledezma-Morales, Andrea Salazar-Ospina, Jaime Alejandro Hincapié-García).- Chapter 34. Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry (Arghavan Tonkaboni, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Heliya Ziaei, Amber Ather).- Chapter 35. The Implications of COVID-19 to Ophthalmology (Tracy H.T. Lai, Emily W.H. Tang, Kenneth K.W. Li).- Chapter 36. Challenges of Cellular therapy during COVID-19 Pandemic (Kamal Kant Sahu, Sikander Ailawadhi, Natalie Malvik, Jan Cerny).- Chapter 37. COVID-19 Amid Rumours and Conspiracy Theories: The Interplay between Local and Global Worlds (Inayat Ali).- Chapter 38. Exploration of the Epidemiological and Emotional Impact of Quarantine and Isolation during COVID-19 Pandemic (Helia Mojtabavi, Nasirudin Javidi, Anne-Frédérique Naviaux, Pascal Janne, Maximilien Gourdin, Mahsa Mohammadpour, AmeneSaghazadeh, Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 39. The Main Sources and Potential Effects of COVID-19-related Prejudice and Discrimination (Piotr Rzymski, Hanna Mamzer, Michal Nowicki).- Chapter 40. Potential mechanisms of COVID-19-related psychological problems and mental disorders (Chunfeng Xiao).- Chapter 41. Mental Health in Health Professionals in the COVID-19 Pandemic (Antonia Bendau, Andreas Ströhle, Moritz Bruno Petzold).- Chapter 42. Treatment of Patients with Mental Illness Amid a Global COVID-19 Pandemic (Ankit Jain, Kamal Kant Sahu, Paroma Mitra).- Chapter 43. A Shift in Medical Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic (Farida Nentin1, Nagaraj Gabbur, Adi Katz).- Chapter 44. Reopening Schools After a Novel Coronavirus Surge (Dan Li, Elizabeth Z. Lin, Marie A. Brault, Julie Paquette, Sten H. Vermund, Krystal J. Godri Pollitt).- Chapter 45. COVID-19 and Its Impact on Tourism Industry (Dimitrios G. Lagos, Panoraia Poulaki, Penny Lambrou).- Chapter 46. COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact(Zahra Kolahchi, Manlio De Domenico, Lucina Q. Uddin, Valentina Cauda, Igor Grossmann, Lucas Lacasa, Giulia Grancini, Morteza Mahmoudi,  Nima Rezaei).- Chapter 47. Retrieval and Investigation of Data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Using Bioinformatics Approach (Muhamad Fahmi, Viol Dhea Kharisma, Arif Nur Muhammad Ansori, Masahiro Ito).- Chapter 48. Answering the Challenge of COVID-19 Pandemic through Innovation and Ingenuity (Kathryn Clare Kelley, Jonathan Kamler, Manish Garg, Stanislaw P. Stawicki).- Chapter 49. COVID-19 Pandemic: The Influence of Culture and Lessons for Collaborative Activities (Linda Simon Paulo, George M. Bwire, Xingchen Pan, Tianyue Gao, Amene Saghazadeh, Chungen Pan).- Chapter 50. A Borderless Solution Is Needed for A Borderless Complexity, Like COVID-19, The Universal Invader (Kawthar Mohamed, Rangarirai Makuku, Eduardo Rodríguez-Román, Aram Pascal Abu Hejleh, Musa Joya, Mariya Ivanovska, Sara A. Makka, Md Shahidul Islam, Nesrine Radwan, Attig-Bahar Faten, Chunfen

Professor Nima Rezaei gained his medical degree (MD) from Tehran University of Medical Sciences and subsequently obtained an MSc in Molecular and Genetic Medicine and a PhD in Clinical Immunology and Human Genetics from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also spent a short-term fellowship of Pediatric Clinical Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplantation in the Newcastle General Hospital.  Professor Rezaei is now the Full Professor of Immunology and Vice Dean of International Affairs, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, and the co-founder and Deputy President of the Research Center for Immunodeficiencies. He is also the founding President of Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN). Prof. Rezaei has already been the Director of more than 50 research projects and has designed and participated in several international collaborative projects. Prof. Rezaei is an editorial assistant or board member for more than 30 international journals. He hasedited more than 30 international books, has presented more than 500 lectures/posters in congresses/meetings, and has published more than 800 articles in the international scientific journals.