A History of the Chinese Language

A History of the Chinese Language provides a comprehensive introduction to the historical development of the Chinese language from its Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots in prehistoric times to Modern Standard Chinese. Taking a highly accessible and balanced approach, it presents a chronological survey of the various stages of the Chinese language, covering key aspects such as phonology, syntax, and semantics. The second edition presents a revised and updated version that reflects recent scholarship in Chinese historical linguistics and new developments in related disciplines. Features include: Coverage of the major historical stages in Chinese language development, such as Old Chinese, Middle Chinese, Early Modern Chinese, and Modern Standard Chinese. Treatment of core linguistic aspects of the Chinese language, including phonological changes, grammatical development, lexical evolution, vernacular writing, the Chinese writing system, and Chinese dialects. Inclusion of authentic Chinese texts throughout the book, presented within a rigorous framework of linguistic analysis to help students to build up critical and evaluative skills and acquire valuable cultural knowledge. Integration of materials from different disciplines, such as archaeology, genetics, history, and sociolinguistics, to highlight the cultural and social background of each period of the language. Written by a highly experienced instructor, A History of the Chinese Language will be an essential resource for students of Chinese language and linguistics and for anyone interested in the history and culture of China.

Table of contents Preface to the second edition List of tables List of figures List of syntax labels Chapter 1 Overview 1.1 What is Chinese historical linguistics? 1.2 Terminological clarification 1.3 Periodization of the Chinese language Chapter 2 Prehistory 2.1 Establishing linguistic genetic relationships 2.2 The Sino-Tibetan languages 2.3 How old is the Sino-Tibetan language family? 2.4 Linguistic properties of Proto-Sino-Tibetan Chapter 3 Old Chinese: The Elegant Speech 3.1 Evidence of sound change 3.2 Syllable structure of Chinese 3.3 Rhyme groups of Old Chinese 3.4 Initials of Old Chinese 3.5 Consonant clusters 3.6 Methodology of Old Chinese reconstruction 3.7 Tones in Old Chinese 3.8 A reconstructed system of Old Chinese Chapter 4 Middle Chinese: The Poetic Language 4.1 The rhyme dictionary Qièyùn 4.2 The fanqiè method 4.3 Structure of the Guangyùn 4.4 Rhyme tables 4.5 The linking method for analyzing the Guangyùn 4.6 The comparative reconstruction method 4.7 The notion of deng ("division, grade") 4.8 A reconstructed system of Middle Chinese Chapter 5 Old Mandarin of Yuan Dynasty Dramas 5.1 The rhyme book Zhongyuán Yinyùn 5.2 Categories of initials and finals in Old Mandarin 5.3 Reconstruction of Old Mandarin initials and finals 5.4 Tonal development Chapter 6 Classical Chinese Grammar 6.1 What is Classical Chinese? 6.2 Morphology 6.3 Word classes 6.4 Basic word order 6.5 Special grammatical constructions Chapter 7 Vernacular Writing 7.1 Diglossia 7.2 Sources of vernacular writing 7.3 Morphological developments 7.4 Word classes in the vernacular 7.5 Word order in the post-classical era 7.6 Syntactic changes Chapter 8 Lexical and Semantic Changes 8.1 Extension 8.2 Narrowing 8.3 Shifting of word meaning 8.4 Substitution of lexical items 8.5 Mixed changes 8.6 Euphemism and taboos in lexical changes 8.7 Loanwords and calques 8.8 Clues to meaning change in Chinese characters Chapter 9 Formation of Modern Standard Chinese 9.1 Origin of the national language 9.2 The modern phonology system 9.3 Morphological properties 9.4 Word classes and cross-category flexibility 9.5 Typical word order 9.6 Aspect markers 9.7 Current uses of special grammatical constructions 9.8 Changes in the modern lexicon Chapter 10 Modern Chinese Dialects 10.1 Formation of Chinese dialects 10.2 Classification of Chinese dialects 10.3 Mandarin dialects 10.4 The Wu dialects 10.5 The Xiang dialects 10.6 The Gan dialects 10.7 The Kejia dialects 10.8 The Yue dialects 10.9 The Min dialects 10.10 Influences of the national language on dialects Chapter 11 The Chinese Writing System 11.1 Origin of Chinese characters 11.2 Development of the writing system 11.3 Six types of characters in the liùshu system 11.4 Characters in vernacular writing and dialects 11.5 Simplification of Chinese characters 11.6 Debates about the nature of Chinese writing References Appendix I: Major Chronological Divisions of Chinese History Appendix II: Articulatory Phonetics and IPA Appendix III: Chinese Pinyin Pronunciation Guide Appendix IV: Correspondence Charts of Pinyin and IPA Symbols Index

Hongyuan Dong is Associate Professor of Chinese Language and Linguistics in the Department of East Asian Languages & Literatures at the George Washington University. He is the author of Semantics of Chinese Questions: An Interface Approach (Routledge 2019).