Theory and Approach of Information Retrievals from Electromagnetic Scattering and Remote Sensing

Advances in space-borne remote sensing have significantly changed the mankind viewpoint how to observe our own Earth planet. Great amount of remote sensing data and images presents new resources to quantitatively describe and monitor our Earth environment, atmosphere, oceanic and land surfaces. In remote sensing, electromagnetic (EM) scattering, emission and wave propagation, as interaction with the Earth environment, lay the physical basis for understanding and extracting geoscientific information. Study of electromagnetic waves with remote sensing application has become an active and interdisciplinary area. This book presents some new progress on the theoretical and numerical approaches for information retrieval of the remote sensing via EM scattering and emission. We begin in Chapter 1 with the vector radiative transfer (VRT) theory for inhomogeneous scatter media. The VRT takes account of multiple scattering, emission and propagation of random scatter media, and quantitatively leads to insights of elucidating and understanding EM wave-terrain surface interaction. Meanwhile, it is extensively applicable to carrying out data interpretation and validation, and to solving the inverse problem, e.g. iteratively, physically or statistically. In Chapter 1, iterative solutions of multiple scattering and emission from inhomogeneous dense scatter media, and inhomogeneous non-spherical scatter media are discussed. Three-dimensional VRT equation (3D-VRT) for spatially inhomogeneous random scatter media for high resolution observation is also investigated. The polarimetric imagery of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology is one of most important advances in space-borne microwave remote sensing during recent decades.

Chapter 1 Vector Radiative Transfer (VRT) Theory of Inhomogeneous Random Media 1-1 Iterative Solution of Multiple Scattering and Emission from Inhomogeneous Dense Scatter Media 1-2 Iterative Solution of High-Order Scattering Solution for Inhomogeneous Non-Spherical Scatter Media 1-3 An Approach of the Three-Dimensional Vector Radiative Transfer Equation (3D-VRT) 1-4 References Chapter 2 Fully Polarimetric Scattering of Non-Spherical Scatter Media 2-1 Polarimetric Scattering Indexes and Information Entropy of the SAR Imagery for Surface Monitoring 2-2 Temporal Mueller Matrix Solution for Polarimetric Scattering from Inhomogeneous Random Media 2-3 Pulse Echoes from a Inhomogeneous Layered Canopy and Random Targets Beneath the Canopy 2-4 Retrievals of Underlying Surface Roughness and Moisture from Polarimetric Pulse Echoes in the Specular Direction 2-5 Statistics of Four Stokes Parameters in Multi-look Polarimetric SAR Imagery 2-6 Image Simulation of High-Resolution Radar for Fully Polarimetric Scattering from Heterogeneous Canopy Surface 2-7 References Chapter 3 SAR Imagery and Applications 3-1 Terrain Topographic Inversion from Single-Pass Polarimetric SAR Image Data 3-2 Change Detection of Multi-temporal ERS-2 SAR Images by Using Two-Thresholds EM and MRF Algorithms 3-3 Deorientation Theory of Polarimetric Scattering Targets and Application to Terrain Surface Classification 3-4 An Algorithm for Ship Detection from SAR Images 3-5 An Improved Method of the Minimum Entropy for Refocusing Moving Target Image 3-6 References Chapter 4 Remote Sensing Data Validation and Applications 4-1 Terrain Surface Moisture Mapping Based on Multi-Year Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 4-2 Monitoring the Sandstorm Using the SSM/I Dataand Getis Statistics 4-3 A Genetic Algorithm to Simultaneously Retrieve the Land Surface Roughness and Soil Wetness 4-4 Correlation of the SAR and SSM/I Observations over Snowpack and Numerical Simulation 4-5 Correlated Observations by the ERS-1 and SSM/I over Ocean and Numerical Simulation 4-6 Data Fusion of RADARSAT SAR and DMSP SSM/I for Monitoring Sea Ice of China’s Bohai Sea 4-7 Spatial Auto-Correlation Using Optimal Multi-Scale Getis Statistic 4-8 A Hybrid BP-ANN/GA Algorithm for Data Fusion of Landsat ETM+ and ERS-2 SAR in Classification of Urban Terrain Surfaces 4-9 References Chapter 5 Numerical Forward-Backward Method (FBM) for Scattering from Randomly Rough Surface and Target 5-1 Bistatic Scattering from a Composite Model of Rough Surface and a Target at Low Grazing Angle Incidence Using the GFBM/SAA Method 5-2 Numerical Simulation of Radar Surveillance for the Ship Target and Oceanic Clutters in Two-Dimensional Model 5-3 Parameterization of the Tapered Incident Wave for Numerical Simulation of EM Scattering from Rough Surface 5-4 Bistatic Scattering from a Fractal Rough Dielectric Surface Using the FBM/SAA 5-5 Bistatic Scattering of a Fractal Rough Surface with High Permittivity Using the PBTG-FBM/SAA 5-6 References Chapter 6 Numerical Finite Element Method (FEM) for Scattering from Randomly Rough Surface and Target 6-1 Angular Correlation Function of Scattering from an Object over Rough Surface in a FEM Approach 6-2 Numerical Simulation of Bistatic Scattering from a Target above Rough Sea Surface under an EM Wave Incidence at Low Grazing Angle by Using the FEM 6-3 Bistatic Scattering from the Comprehensive Model of a Ship on and a Target above Large-Scale Rough Sea Surface Using the FEM-DDM 6-4 Simulation of the Doppler Spectrum of a

Ya-Qiu Jin received the B.S. degree from Peking University (1970), and the M.S. (1982), E.E. (1983) and Ph.D. (1985) degrees from the Department of Electrical engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA.

He was a Research Scientist at the Atmospheric and Environmental Research Inc. in Cambridge, USA (1985), Research Associate at the City University of New York (1986-1987), Visiting Professor at the University of York, UK (1993-94) sponsored by the UK Royal Society and at the City University of Hong Kong (2001). He held the Senior Research Associateship at NOAA/NESDIS awarded by the USA National Research Council (1996).

He is full Professor in the School of Information Science and Engineering, and Director of the Key Laboratory of Wave Scattering and Remote Sensing Information (Ministry of Education), Fudan University, Shanghai, China. He has been appointed as the Principal Scientist for the China State Major Basic Research Project (2002-2007) by the Ministry of National Science and Technology of China to lead the remote sensing state program in China.

He has been elected as the IEEE Fellow for his contribution of electromagnetic scattering model for remote sensing application. He is the founder and Chairman (1995-2003) of IEEE GRSS China Chapter.

He has published over 430 papers in China and abroad, and six books (two are in English: Electromagnetic Scattering Modeling for Quantitative Remote Sensing by Singapore: World Scientific (1994), Information of Electromagnetic Scattering and Radiative Transfer in Natural Media by Beijing: Science Press (2000)). He is the Editor of SPIE Volume 3503: Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment by USA: SPIE, and the book: Wave Propagation, Scattering and Emission in Complex Media by Singapore: World Scientific and Beijing: Science Press (2004). He is Chairman of ISAPE2000 and the International Specialist Workshop 2004 on EM Scattering and Information Retrieval in Remote Sensing.

His main research interests include electromagnetic (EM) scattering in complex media, microwave remote sensing, and computational EM. He received the China National Science Prize in 1993, the First-grade Science Prizes of the State Education Ministry in 1992, 1996, the teaching excellence Prize of Shanghai City in 2001, the excellent supervisor for graduate students in Fudan University in 2003, and the Fudan President Prize in 2004 among other many prizes.

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