Chapter I Introduction, Henrik Lagerlund; Chapter II The Terminological and Conceptual Roots of Representation in the Soul in Late Ancient and Medieval Philosophy, Henrik Lagerlund; Chapter III Abstract Truth in Thomas Aquinas, Robert Pasnau; Chapter IV Representation in Scholastic Epistemology, Martin Tweedale; Chapter V Rethinking Representation in the Middle Ages, Peter King; Chapter VI William Ockham and Mental Language, Mikko Yrjönsuuri; Chapter VII The Matter of Thought, Calvin G. Normore; Chapter VIII Objective Being in Descartes, Deborah Brown;