Pollution Control in Textile Industry

Textile processing industry is characterised not only by the large volume of water required for various unit operations, but also by the variety of chemicals used for various processes. There is a long sequence of wet processing stages requiring input of water, chemical and energy and generating wastes at each stage. Any industrial activity causes pollution in one form or the other and so is the textile industry. The textile industry is a significant contributor to many national economies, encompassing both small and large-scale operations worldwide. Textile processing generates many waste streams, including liquid, gaseous and solid wastes, some of which may be hazardous. Several measures for pollution control in textile industry are discussed in detail including ‘End-of-pipe’ technologies for wastewater treatment.

This book on pollution control in textile industry summarises various aspects of pollution control and is divided into 19 chapters. This edition discusses: enzymatic treatment of wastewater containing dyestuffs, degradation of toxic dyes, biological methods of removal of dyes from textile effluents, water conservation in textile industry, recovery of dyes and chromium from textile industry, zero liquid discharge in textile industry, pollution prevention in jute industry and wastes minimisation in textile industry. A unique feature of the book are the chapters on carbon foot print and energy conservation in textile industry. Finally the role of nanotechnology for the removal of dyes and effluents in also discussed.

CHAPTER 1: TEXTILE INDUSTRY: AN OVERVIEW

Textile manufacturing processes

Preparation of fibre

Spinning - conversion of fibre into yarn

Components of textile industry

Pollution aspects of textile industry

Processes involved

Waste stream

Some facts regarding environmental issues

Wastes generated

Pollution from areas other than chemical processing

Pollutants involved in the wet processing

Solution to environmental problems

Role of enzymes in textile processing

Classification of enzymes

Enzyme applications in textile preparatory process

Silent features of enzymes application in textile processing

Need for dye removal from effluents

Conventional processes for removal of dyes from effluent streams

Enzymes in wastewater treatment

Delivery systems for enzymes in effluent treatment

Various types of dyes

Methods of decolouration of dyes

Methods for textile dye removal

Water usage

Modern technologies can save water in textile industry

Noise sources

Industrial noise sources

Control of noise pollution

Techniques for reducing textile machinery noise

Lead-loaded fabrics

Control of noise in pumps and valves

Management of noise pollution control

Case study: Noise control in textile industry

PVA recovery

Caustic recovery

Indigo recovery

Efficient methods for the removal of chromium from textile effluents

Highlights of ZLD in textile sector

Promoting zero liquid discharge to Indian textile industry

Benefits and challenges facing the ZLD mandate in Indian textile sector

Factors to be considered in framing policies for ZLD

Indian policy experience for promoting ZLD in the textile sector

Zero liquid discharge in dyes and dye intermediates

Problems of textile processing units in installation of ZLD

Way ahead

Typical processes in textile finishing

Chemical hazards

Chemical safety programme

Risk assessment

Safety measures

Emergency preparedness

Manufacture of viscose, acetate and cuprammonium rayon

Polyester fibre

Wool

Rayon wastes treatment in U.S. and Germany

Treatment and disposal of fibre wastes

Treatment and reuse of wastewater from polyester dyeing houses

Application of enzymes for textile fibres processing

Jute fibre

Manufacturing aspects of jute

Pollution aspects in jute mills

Jute retting

Minimal national standards (MINAS)

Analysis of samples

Reducing of carbon foot print

Machinery/equipment related

Sustainability of textiles

Creating new green paradigm

Creating a carbon free environment

LCA, carbon footprint and ecological footprint

Energy consumption in textile industry

Waste heat recovery in textile industries

Cost effectiveness in textile processing

Good housekeeping

Yarn realisation

Waste control in spinning mill

Waste investigation

Waste reduction and control

Fibre waste recycling and its future

Managing waste in the textiles manufacturing industry

Textile waste minimisation

Trends and future applications

Definitions of nanotechnology

Nanomaterials

Nanotechnology in the textile industry

Quality label for nanotechnology

Application of nanotechnology in textile industry

Removal of azo dyes by nanotechnology

Nano-silica-silver composite material for removal of textile effluents and dyes