Nitrate Handbook Environmental, Agricultural, and Health Effects

Nitrate Handbook: Environmental, Agricultural, and Health Effects provides an overview of the entire nitrate cycle and the processes influencing nitrate transformation. It clearly identifies the role of nitrate as an essential nutrient in plant growth, food preservation, and human health. Using the most up-to-date knowledge and research, this handbook illustrates how the steadily increasing human population and demand for food, which results in higher amounts of nitrate needed by soils, makes new regulations on the management and usage of nitrates a high priority. A detailed explanation concerning the discrepancies between the public’s perception of nitrate’s harm versus the reality of its human health benefits is given via a balanced and evidence-based approach. All questions pertaining to the influences of nitrate and its derivatives on plant physiology and human health are explored in depth. This comprehensive resource with contributions from distinguished researches in the field is a must-have for professionals and students who study and work with nitrates. Features: Includes in depth discussion on the wide spectrum of nitrate present in the environment. Focuses on the progress made on nitrate research and its importance. Answers all questions about nitrate and its derivatives’ influences on plant physiology and human health. Enables decision makers and public authorities to manage social concerns Compiles in one resource the findings of many distinguished researchers in the field.

Contents Preface........................................................................................................................ix Editor…………................................................................................................................xi Contributors.............................................................................................................xiii List of Abbreviations...............................................................................................xvii PART 1 Nitrate in Soils Chapter 1 Biogeochemistry of Nitrate in Soils......................................................3 Roberto Garcia- Ruiz, Milagros Torrus- Castillo, Pablo Domouso de Agar, Roberto Garcia- Peran, Gustavo Ruiz- Catedra, and Julio Calero Chapter 2 Nitrate in Agricultural Soils................................................................25 Melida Gutierrez, Maria Teresa Alarcon- Herrera, Esperanza Y. Calleros- Rincon, and Melissa Bledsoe Chapter 3 Nitrate Transport in Agricultural Systems...........................................45 Sara Vero and Matthew Ascott PART 2 Nitrate in Plants Chapter 4 Nitrate in Plant Physiology.................................................................73 Jitu Chauhan, Simran Chachad, Zoya Shaikh, Johra Khan, and Ahmad Ali Chapter 5 Nitrate in Plant Nutrition.....................................................................91 Ya- Yun Wang Chapter 6 Nitrogen Fertilizers and the Environment.........................................103 Eric Walling and Celine Vaneeckhaute Chapter 7 Nitrate Management by Using Innovative Techniques.....................137 Eleftherios Evangelou and Christos Tsadilas Chapter 8 Estimation of Nitrogen Status in Plants............................................163 Miguel Garcia- Servin, Luis Miguel Contreras- Medina, Irineo Torres- Pacheco, and Ramon Gerardo Guevara- Gonzalez PART 3 Nitrate in Water Chapter 9 Nitrate in Fresh Waters......................................................................185 Daniel F. Gomez Isaza and Essie M. Rodgers Chapter 10 Inorganic Nitrogen Ions of Surface and Ground Waters of Sterea Hellas, Central Greece: A Case Study...............................209 Christos D. Tsadilas, Miltiadis Tziouvalekas, Eleftherios Evangelou, Alexandros Tsitouras, Christos Petsoulas, and Antonios Peppas Chapter 11 Determination of Nitrate in Waters...................................................235 Md Eshrat E. Alahi, Fahmida Wazed Tina, and Subhas Mukhopadhyay PART 4 Nitrate in the Food Chain Chapter 12 Nitrate in Plant and Animal Foods....................................................265 Malgorzata Karwowska Chapter 13 Nitrate as Food Additives..................................................................281 Teresa D’Amore, Aurelia Di Taranto, Giovanna Berardi, Valeria Vita, and Marco Iammarino PART 5 Nitrate in Human Body Chapter 14 Nitrate and Human Health: An Overview.........................................303 Keith R. Martin and Richard J. Bloomer Chapter 15 Nitrate and Methemoglobinemia.......................................................347 Sarah Fossen Johnson Chapter 16 Inorganic Nitrate and Nitrite: Dietary Nutrients or Poisons?............357 Nathan S. Bryan Chapter 17 Nitrate and Cardiovascular Systems..................................................375 Andrew Xanthopoulos, Apostolos Dimos, Alexandros Zagouras, Nikolaos Iakovis, John Skoularigis, and Filippos Triposkiadis PART 6 Regulations Chapter 18 Regulations on Nitrate Use and Management...................................405 Faycal Bouraoui, Panos Panagos, Anna Malago, Alberto Pistocchi, and Christophe Didion Index.......................................................................................................................425

Christos Tsadilas, Ph.D., graduated from the Agricultural University of Athens in 1975 and earned his master's degree and Ph.D. from the same university. From 1977 to 1984, he worked at the Institute of Soil Mapping and Classification of the Ministry of Rural Development and Foods as a soil surveyor and has been a senior scientist of the National Project of Soil Survey Mapping in Greece. Later, he worked as a researcher at the National Agricultural Research Foundation in Greece, which later merged with the current Hellenic Agricultural Organization DEMETER. He has taken post-doc studies at the University of Reading (United Kingdom), University of Kentucky, and University of Lincoln (Nebraska), sponsored by the Royal Society of England, OECD, and the Fulbright Foundation, respectively. His main research interests include soil survey and classification, soil chemistry and fertility, soil pollution and remediation, and waste management. He also has work experience on land reclamation of disturbed lands and the new technologies used in precision farming systems. Dr. Tsadilas served as Director of the Institute of Soil Mapping and Classification (later Institute of Industrial and Forage Crops) which along with the Agricultural University of Athens were appointed by the government to make the Soil Map of Greece. He also served as president of the Hellenic Soil Science Society for several years. Dr. Tsadilas has published more than 300 papers in peer-reviewed journals (more than 90), chapters in books (more than 15), and papers in international conference proceedings. A special mention is made on the books The Soils of Greece (Yassoglou, N., C. Tsadilas, and C. Kosmas, 2017, Springer) and Nickel in Soils and Plants (C. D. Tsadilas, C.D., J. Rinklebe, and H. Magdi Selim+ by CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group). He has served as an associate editor for several journals, and as reviewer for decades of international journals.