Linked Data A Geographic Perspective

Geographic Information has an important role to play in linking and combining datasets through shared location, but the potential is still far from fully realized because the data is not well organized and the technology to aid this process has not been available. Developments in the Semantic Web and Linked Data, however, are making it possible to integrate data based on Geographic Information in a way that is more accessible to users. Drawing on the industry experience of a geographer and a computer scientist, Linked Data: A Geographic Perspective is a practical guide to implementing Geographic Information as Linked Data. Combine Geographic Information from Multiple Sources Using Linked Data After an introduction to the building blocks of Geographic Information, the Semantic Web, and Linked Data, the book explores how Geographic Information can become part of the Semantic Web as Linked Data. In easy-to-understand terms, the authors explain the complexities of modeling Geographic Information using Semantic Web technologies and publishing it as Linked Data. They review the software tools currently available for publishing and modeling Linked Data and provide a framework to help you evaluate new tools in a rapidly developing market. They also give an overview of the important languages and syntaxes you will need to master. Throughout, extensive examples demonstrate why and how you can use ontologies and Linked Data to manipulate and integrate real-world Geographic Information data from multiple sources. A Practical, Readable Guide for Geographers, Software Engineers, and Laypersons A coherent, readable introduction to a complex subject, this book supplies the durable knowledge and insight you need to think about Geographic Information through the lens of the Semantic Web. It provides a window to Linked Data for geographers, as well as a geographic perspective for software engineers who need to understand how to work with Geographic Information. Highlighting best practices, this book helps you organize and publish Geographic Information on the Semantic Web with more confidence.

A Gentle BeginningWhat This Book Is About and Who It Is ForGeography and the Semantic WebGI in the Semantic WebExamplesConventions Used in the BookStructure of the BookA Last Thought about How to Read This BookLinked Data and the Semantic WebIntroductionFrom a Web of Documents to a Web of KnowledgeEarly History and the Development of the Semantic WebSemantic Web BenefitsHow It WorksRecent Trends in the FieldSumming Up and Signposts to the Next ChapterNotesGeographic InformationIntroductionWhat Is Geographic Information?The Many Forms of GIRepresentations and Uses of GIA Brief History of Geographic InformationSummaryNotesGeographic Information in an Open WorldIntroductionPrinciplesApplying the Semantic Web to GIImportant ObservationsSummaryNotesThe Resource Description FrameworkIntroductionRDF: The PurposeA Word about IdentityThe RDF Data ModelRDF SerializationRDFSPopular RDFS VocabulariesRDF for the Thinking GeographerSummaryNotesOrganizing GI as Linked DataIntroductionIdentity: Designing and Applying Universal Resource IdentifiersIdentity: NamesGeometryClassificationTopology and MereologySummaryNotesPublishing Linked DataIntroductionLinked Data PrinciplesMaking URIs Dereferenceable or Slash versus HashLinked Data DesignLinked Data GenerationDescribing the Linked DatasetProvenanceAuthentication and TrustLicensing Linked DataSoftware ToolsTesting and Debugging Linked DataSummaryNotesUsing Linked DataIntroductionBusiness Models for Linked DataSPARQLLinking to External Datasets: Types of LinkLink Design ProcessLink Discovery and CreationEncoding Context: An Atheist’s View of Web IdentityLink MaintenanceEvaluating Link Quality and Avoiding Semantic SpamSummaryNotesOWLIntroductionThe Nature of OWLOWL Language ElementsPropertiesTools for AuthoringSummaryNotesBuilding Geographic OntologiesIntroductionTypes of OntologyMethodologiesBuilding the Topographic Ontology of Merea MapsOntology Reuse: Aiding Third-Party Data IntegrationSummaryNotesLinking It All TogetherIntroductionThe Wide Scope of Geographic InformationAn Open WorldThe Simplicity and Complexity of the Semantic WebThe TechnologiesBenefits and Business ModelsFuture DirectionsConcluding ThoughtsNoteReferencesAppendix A: OWL SpeciesAppendix B: OWL Constructs: Manchester Syntax and RabbitIndex

Glen Hart currently leads the research group at Ordnance Survey, Great Britain’s national mapping agency. Glen first began to investigate the Semantic Web in 2002, initially working to understand the relevance to data integration and then how to construct ontological descriptions of geographical objects. Mirroring his interest in vernacular geography (how people understand and refer to the landscape around them as opposed to official views), Glen was also determined to develop ways to make ontologies more accessible to domain experts, those people expert in a subject area but for whom ontologies expressed in formal logic were totally opaque. This resulted in the development of a syntax for the Web ontology language OWL called Rabbit that expresses OWL sentences using controlled natural language. More recently, Glen has been involved in the publication of Ordnance Survey’s Geographic Information as Linked Data. Glen sees the publication of Linked Data as an enabler towards more efficient and accurate data integration, and his research continues along these lines. Dr. Catherine Dolbear is currently a link data architect at Oxford University Press (OUP), working on strategies for linking content across online academic and journal products within OUP’s discoverability program. Catherine is the author of several papers in areas of geographical ontology development, semantic data integration, and information filtering using structured data; a previous cochair of the OWL Experiences and Directions Workshop; and cofounder, along with Glen Hart, of the international workshop series "Terra Cognita" on geospatial semantics. While leading the geosemantics research team at Ordnance Survey, Catherine worked on the development of several ontologies in the geographic domain as well as the reuse of these in application areas such as flood defense and risk management. More recently, she has been interested in moving semantic technologies into mainstream publishing and tackling the scale, quality, and workflow requirements thereof. She is interested in how people think about the world, what is important to them, and how to discover knowledge by forging new links between information.