PART I: INTRODUCTION; 1: Fundamentals of international criminal law; 2: General principles of international criminal law; 3: The elements of international crimes; PART II: SUBSTANTIVE CRIMINAL LAW; SECTION I: INTERNATIONAL CRIMES; 4: War crimes; 5: Crimes against humanity; 6: Genocide; 7: Torture as a discrete crime, and aggression; SECTION II: MODES OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY; 9: Perpetration and joint criminal enterprise; 10: Other modes of liability; 11: Criminal liability for omissions; SECTION III: CIRCUMSTANCES EXCLUDING CRIMINAL LIABILITY; 12: Justifications and excuses; 13: Other excuses: superior order, necessity, duress and mistake; 14: Immunities; PART III: PROSECUTION AND PUNISHMENT BY INTERNATIONAL COURTS; 15: The establishment of international criminal tribunals; 16: International versus national jurisdiction; 17: The adoption of the essential features of the adversarial system; 18: General principles governing international criminal trials; 19: Stages of international proceedings in outline - Pre-trial and trial; 20: Appeals and enforcement; 20: The specificity of international trials