Interfaces in Medicine and Mechanics—2

The first Interfaces Conference was held at Swansea in April 1988 and represented the then state of the art of the science of implant surgery. The motivation for the initial venture was a supposed need for a closer interaction and dialogue between the clinician and scientist working in this area. As expressed in the Preface to the first Conference, we felt that the interface was represented graphically, scientifically and psychologically by the drawings of Edgar Rubins (1915), again widely used in the literature to the present Proceedings. The first Conference, we believe, achieved the aims of the organisers in bringing together scientists and clinicians towards an exchange of ideas by logically pursuing the sequence of events in clinical implant surgery. The present Conference, in collaboration with our Italian colleagues, has also attempted to achieve the same aims by examining the behaviour of implants constructed of a variety of materials in both hard and soft tissue. Many contributions in the conference employed the technique of finite element analysis, both for design and optimisation purposes, particularly in relation to bone remodelling. Indeed, this particular aspect of the Conference led to much debate and will require a major examination of the many levels of physical, chemical and biomechanical interactive behaviour of the implant and its environment. All this natural behaviour was presented and discussed, but difficulties and failures remain with such procedures and we feel it is only by continuing such meetings that we progress in this difficult area of clinical science.

1. Material Science of Clinical Implants.- Polyactive: A Bone-Bonding Polymer.- Biomechanical Behaviour of Articular Disc in Adult Dogs: A Measuring Method and Preliminary Results.- The Immune System at the Metallic Implant Interface: Metal Ions Inhibit Immune Function but are not Cytotoxic.- Differential Rate of Bone Growth to Titanium Alloy and Stainless Steel Implants.- Enhancement of Bony Ingrowth to Titanium and Titanium Alloy Orthopaedic Implants in Experimental Model in the Rat.- The Influence of the Plate Stiffness of the Tibial Plateau of a Knee Prosthesis.- Changes of Antibiotic Sensitivity after Contact ‘in Vitro’ of Bacteria with Metals.- A New Technique for Intact Interface Studies of Bone and Biomaterials Using Light and Electron Microscopy.- Preferred Orientation in Bone.- Bone Mineral as Seen in the Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopes.- 2. Mathematical Modelling of Prosthetic Surgery.- Experimental and Theoretical Thermal Effects During Cementation of an Endomedullary Infibulum.- Pin-Bone Interface: A Geometric and Material Non-Linear Analysis.- The Ellipse of Elasticity Applied to a Dental Prosthesis.- Three Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of a Saggital Split Osteotomy.- Debonding.- 3. Successes and Failures of Materials in Medicine.- Formation of Extracellular Deposits by Macrophages Exposed to Poorly Degradable Biomaterials.- Successes and Failures Following 5 Years of Clinical Experience with the Surgicraft ABC Prosthetic Anterior Cruciate Ligament.- Bone Cement: Retrieved Wear Particles vs Fabricated Wear Particles.- Cortical Bone Hypertrophy at the Tip of Femoral Prosthesis: Biological-Mechanical Correlation.- Success and Failure of Experimental Active Glasses in Periodontal Disease Repair.- 4. Tissue Structure, Histories of Applications.- Structural and Cellular Reactions of Bone Tissue to Orthopaedic Implants.- Numerical and Clinical Analysis of Orthodontic Tooth Movement.- Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Knee-Ankle-Foot-Orthosis (KAFO) Prototype for Myopathic Patients.- Improvement of Fracture Healing by Applied Axial Micromovement: A Clinical Study.- Improvement in the Design of Bone Screws for External Fixation.- Clinical Application of Total Artificial Heart (TAH) and Blood Rheology.- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Prosthesis: ‘Programmed Loosening’ Augmentation as a Solution to the Problem.- Dentine Microstructure in Normal Deciduous Teeth by Collagenase Etching.- 5. Numerical Analysis of Biological Implants and Surrounding Tissue.- Poroelastic Finite Element Models in Biomechanics—an Overview.- Stress Analyses of Bones and Simulation of Mechanically Induced Cortical Remodeling.- Biomechanical Responses of Craniofacial and Alveolar Bones to Mechanical Forces in Orthodontics.- Non-Linear Behaviour of the Periodontal Ligament: A Numerical Approach.- Solid Modeling and Finite Element Modeling of Bones and Implant-Bone Systems.- The Effect of Prosthesis Orientation on ‘Stress-Shielding’ Using Finite Element Analysis—Indications as to Bone Remodeling.- Le Lesioni da Casco Motociclistico.- Local Strain Deviation (LSD) and Bone Remodeling: A Comparative Study on Cementless Total Hip Arthroplasty.- 6 and 7. Interactions in Medicine and Mechanics.- Development of Bone-Implant Interface During Healing Phase of Dental Implants.- Prediction of the Long-Term Evolution of the Bone Stock Around a Tailor-Made Hip Implant.- A Combined Anatomical and Biomechanical Approach to the Sacro-Iliac Joints.- The Biological Response to Bone Cement and the Influence of Incorporated Growth Hormone.- Experimental and Theoretical Thermal Effects During Cementation of an Endomedullary Infibulum.- An Investigation into the Interface Mechanics in Fractures, Part 1: Theoretical Models.- An Investigation into the Interface Mechanics in Fractures, Part 2: Experimental Results.- Interface Interactions Between Hydrophilic Contact Lenses and Ocular Tissues.- Study of the Bone-Biomaterial Interface Reactions in an in Vitro Bone Forming System: A Preliminary Report.- Growth Hormone Stimulates Osteoid Formation at a Bone-Ceramic Interface.- An Interface Comparison Between a Press-Fit and Ha-Coated Composite Hip Prosthesis.- Naproxen and Skeletal Implant Interfaces.- Chronic Indomethacin Therapy and the Interfaces of Screws and Porous Implants in Bone.- 8. Medical Physics.- Characterization of Local Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Femoral and Tibial Diaphysis Using Acoustic Transmission Measurements and Acoustic Microscopy.- An In-Vitro Comparative Study of the Wall Shear Rate Produced by the Central Axis Prosthetic Heart Valve Using a Laser Doppler Anemometer.- Microscope Image Analysis in Biomaterial Testing.- Indirect Measurement of Arterial Pressure, Blood Flow and Volume Elastic Modulus in Human Fingers Using Electric Impedance-Cuff.- Electrical Impedance Plethysmogram in Peripheral Blood Flow.