Inclusion Aspects of Membrane Chemistry

There is no doubt that the field of artificial membrane transport using synthetic ionophores has advanced remarkably in the past 15 years due primarily to the synthesis of new ionophores. Even though the theoretical framework substantially predated this activity, the merging of theory with transport experiment has often been sketchy. The purpose of this outline has been to examine key examples to illustrate the underlying principles and to suggest how experimental variables dominate the results obtained. To a very good approximation the assumption of a "diffusion" regime is often justified, is easily confirmed experimentally and provides a clear framework for exploitation of the inherent selectivity of a given ionophore. Thus for synthetic chemists who wish a "quick and nasty" experiment to examine the question of selectivity, the recipe is clear: a mixture containing all ions of interest in a standard experiment for each ligand of interest using a moderately stirred (100-200 rpm) cell and analysis of the mixture produced on the OUT side of the cell at a fixed, small extent of transport. Together with duplicates and controls, this modest set of experiments will place the results on an unambiguous footing from which clear conclusions about each ionophore's characteristics are readily obtained. For those with more detailed interests in the transport process the demands are correspondingly higher.

Ion Extraction and Transport by Proton-Ionizable Crown Ethers.- Principles of Artificial Membrane Transport of Ions by Synthetic Ionophores.- Polymer/(Liquid Crystal) Composite Membranes.- Photocontrol of Ion Permeation Through Membrane and Membrane Potential.- Electrochemical and Photoelectrical Properties of Bilayer Lipid Membranes (BLM).- Electrochemistry of Ionophore Facilitated Ion Transport across Liquid/Liquid Interfaces.