High-Pressure Physics

High-pressure science has undergone a revolution in the last 15 years. The development of intense new x-ray and neutron sources, improved detectors, new instrumentation, greatly increased computation power, and advanced computational algorithms have enabled researchers to determine the behavior of matter at static pressures in excess of 400 GPa. Shock-wave techniques have allowed access to the experimental pressure-temperature range beyond 1 TPa and 10,000 K. High-Pressure Physics introduces the current state of the art in this field. Based on lectures presented by leading researchers at the 63rd Scottish Universities Summer School in Physics, the book summarizes the latest experimental and theoretical techniques. Highlighting applications in a range of physics disciplines—from novel materials synthesis to planetary interiors—this book cuts across many areas and supplies a solid grounding in high-pressure physics. Chapters cover a wide array of topics and techniques, including: High-pressure devices The design of pressure cells Electrical transport experiments The fabrication process for customizing diamond anvils Equations of state (EOS) for solids in a range of pressures and temperatures Crystallography, optical spectroscopy, and inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) techniques Magnetism in solids The internal structure of Earth and other planets Measurement and control of temperature in high-pressure experiments Solid state chemistry and materials research at high pressure Liquids and glasses The study of hydrogen at high density A resource for graduate students and young researchers, this accessible reference provides an overview of key research areas and applications in high-pressure physics.

High-Pressure DevicesIntroductionThe cylinder: the most common high-pressure deviceBelt type apparatusesOpposed anvil devices: Bridgman, Drickamer and profiled anvilsMulti-anvil devicesThe diamond anvil cellOther gem anvil cells: sapphire, moissanite and zirconia cellsPressure transmitting mediaGlossary Instrumentation Development for High-Pressure ResearchIntroductionDesign flowPressure generation and the types of pressure cellsMaterials propertiesMaterials selectionTechnical drawingsFinite element analysisMachining and tolerancesTesting and safety certification Electrical Transport Experiments at High PressureIntroductionElectrical Measurement Techniques with Diamond Anvil CellsSuperconductivity under High PressureIronOxygenConductivity Experiments at High-Pressure and Very High TemperaturesSingle-Crystal ExperimentsHall Effect and MagnetoresistancePhotoconductivityOther Uses of Electrical Transport TechniquesFuture Directions Advances in Customized Diamond AnvilsIntroductionLaser-Drilled Diamond Anvils“Designer” Diamond AnvilsDesigner Anvil Fabrication Process StepsTypes of Designer Anvils“Intelligent” Diamond Anvils (iDAC)Integrated Circuit Technique using Alumina FilmsFocused Ion Beam (FIB) SystemsFurther Examples of the Use of Customized Anvils in High-Pressure ExperimentsFuture ProspectsFurther Development of CVD Diamond Growth Technology Equations of State for Solids in Wide Ranges of Pressure and TemperatureIntroductionParametric EOS formsThermodynamic modeling Comparison with experimental resultsComparison of thermodynamic and parametric formulationsConclusions High Pressure CrystallographyIntroductionTechnical developments Optical Spectroscopy at High PressureIntroductionGeneral aspectsThe Raman and IR spectroscopy set-upOxygenCarbon dioxideConcluding remarks Inelastic X-ray ScatteringIntroductionGeneral aspectsInstrumentationSystems Optical Spectroscopy in the Diamond Anvil CellIntroductionSpectroscopy units, spectral ranges, and dimension constraintsBasic principlesTechniquesProbing of intra- and inter- molecular interactions under pressure – The example of hydrogen Optical properties of minerals in the deep Earth interiorProspects Magnetism and High PressureMagnetic equation of state, feedback, instabilityTypes of magnetic interactions Magnetic phase transitionsExamples of high pressure magnetic measurement methods The Deep EarthIntroductionGeophysical constraintsPhase transitionsRefining the chemical composition of the deep reservoirsCore dynamicsDifferentiation of the EarthConclusions Planetary InteriorsIntroductionTerrestrial planetsGiant planetsConclusion Temperature Measurement and Control in High-Pressure ExperimentsIntroductionResistance heating and the thermocouple principle for temperature measurements“Large volume” devices and sample assembliesBlackbody radiation and laser-heated diamond anvil cell experiments Solid State and Materials Chemistry at High PressureAbstractIntroductionDiamond and related materialsHigh pressure mineralogy and solid state materials researchSuperconductors, elemental alloys and high-hardness metalsClathrates and new “light element” solidsSummary Liquids and Amorphous MaterialsIntroductionDefinitionsExploring the liquid stateAmorphous materialsThe glass transitionThe influence of pressureMetastable meltingTwo state modelsLiquid fragility Polyamorphic systemsExperimental techniques The role of diffractionGlass and liquid structureCase studiesTransitions in the strong amorphous network Non-oxide glasses: GeSe2Future directions Dense HydrogenIntroductionThe isolated molecule and low density solidHydrogen under pressure High pressures and temperaturesConclusions