Dynamics of Structure and Foundation - A Unified Approach 2. Applications

Designed to provide engineers with quick access to current and practical information on the dynamics of structure and foundation, this 2-volume reference workis intended forengineers involved with earthquake or dynamic analysis, or the design of machine foundations in the oil, gas, and energy sector. Whereas Volume 1 (ISBN 9780415471459) deals with theory andfundamentals, this volume is concentrated on three major application areas: dynamic soil-structure interaction (DSSI), the analysis and design of machine foundations, and on the analytical and design concepts for earthquake engineering.It presents innovative, easy-to-apply and practical solutions to various problems and difficulties a design engineer will encounter. It allows quick access to targeted information; it includes a wealth of case studies and also examines geotechnical considerations with regard to dynamic soil-structure interaction.

Preface 1 Dynamic soil structure interaction 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The marriage of soil and structure 1.1.2 What does the interaction mean? 1.1.3 It is an expensive analysis do we need to do it? 1.1.4 Different soil models and their coupling to superstructure 1.2 Mathematical modeling of soil & structure 1.2.1 Lagrangian formulation for 2D frames or stick-models 1.2.2 What happens if the raft is flexible? 1.3 A generalised model for dynamic soil structure interaction 1.3.1 Dynamic response of a structure with multi degree of freedom considering the underlying soil stiffness 1.3.2 Extension of the above theory to system with multi degree of freedom 1.3.3 Estimation of damping ratio for the soil structure system 1.3.4 Formulation of damping ratio for single degree of freedom 1.3.5 Extension of the above theory to systems with multi-degree freedom 1.3.6 Some fallacies in coupling of soil and structure 1.3.7 What makes the structural response attenuate or amplify? 1.4 The art of modelling 1.4.1 Some modelling techniques 1.4.2 To sum it up 1.5 Geotechnical considerations for dynamic soil structure interaction 1.5.1 What parameters do I look for in the soil report? 1.6 Field tests 1.6.1 Block vibration test 1.6.2 Seismic cross hole test 1.6.3 How do I co-relate dynamic shear modulus when I do not have data from the dynamic soil tests? 1.7 Theoretical co-relation from other soil parameters 1.7.1 Co-relation for sandy and gravelly soil 1.7.2 Co-relation for saturated clay 1.8 Estimation of material damping of soil 1.8.1 Whitman’s formula 1.8.2 Hardin’ formula 1.8.3 Ishibashi and Zhang’s formula 1.9 All things said and done how do we estimate the strain in soil, specially if the strain is large? 1.9.1 Estimation of strain in soil for machine foundation 1.9.2 Estimation of soil strain for earthquake analysis 1.9.3 What do we do if the soil is layered with varying soil property? 1.9.4 Checklist of parameters to be looked in the soil reports 1.10 Epilogue 2. Analysis and design of machine foundations 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Case history #1 2.1.2 Case history #2 2.2 Different types of foundations 2.2.1 Block foundations resting on soil/piles 2.2.2 How does a block foundation supporting rotating machines differ from a normal foundation? 2.2.3 Foundation for centrifugal or rotary type of machine: Different theoretical methods for analysis of block foundation 2.2.4 Analytical methods 2.2.5 Approximate analysis to de-couple equations with non-proportional damping 2.2.6 Alternative formulation of coupled equation of motion for sliding and rocking mode 2.3 Trick to by pass damping – Magnification factor, the key to the problem 2.4 Effect of embedment on foundation 2.4.1 Novak and Beredugo’s model 2.4.2 Wolf’s model 2.5 Foundation supported on piles 2.5.1 Pile and soil modelled as finite element 2.5.2 Piles modelled as beams supported on elastic springs 2.5.3 Novak’s (1974) model for equivalent spring stiffness for piles 1 2.5.4 Equivalent pile springs in vertical direction 2.5.5 The group effect on the vertical spring and damping value of the piles 2.5.6 Effect of pile cap on the spring and damping stiffness 2.5.7 Equivalent pile springs and damping in the horizontal direction 2.5.8 Equivalent pile springs and damping in rocking motion 2.5.9 Group effect for rotational motion 2.5.10 Model for dynamic response of pile 2.5.11 Dynamic analysis of laterally loaded piles 2.5.12 Partially embedded piles under rocking mode 2.5.13 Group effect of pile 2.5.14 Comparison of results 2.5.15 Practical aspects of design of machine foundations 2.6 Special provisions of IS-code 2.6.1 Recommendations on vibration isolation 2.6.2 Frequency separation 2.6.3 Permissible amplitudes 2.6.4 Permissible stresses 2.6.5 Concrete and its placing 2.6.6 Reinforcements 2.6.7 Cover to concrete 2.7 Analysis and design of machine foundation under impact loading 2.7.1 Introduction 2.7.2 Mathematical model of a hammer foundation 2.8 Design of hammer foundation 2.8.1 Design criteria for hammer foundation 2.8.2 Discussion on the IS-code method of analysis 2.8.3 Check list for analysis of hammer foundation 2.8.4 Other techniques of analysis of Hammer foundation 2.9 Design of eccentrically loaded hammer foundation 2.9.1 Mathematical formulation of anvil placed eccentrically on a foundation 2.9.2 Damped equation of motion with eccentric anvil 2.10 Details of design 2.10.1 Reinforcement detailing 2.10.2 Construction procedure 2.11 Vibration measuring instruments 2.11.1 Some background on vibration measuring instruments and their application 2.11.2 Response due to motion of the support 2.11.3 Vibration pick-ups 2.12 Evaluation of friction damping from energy consideration 2.13 Vibration isolation 2.13.1 Active isolation 2.13.2 Passive isolation 2.13.3 Isolation by trench 2.14 Machine foundation supported on frames 2.14.1 Introduction 2.14.2 Different types of turbines and the generation process 2.14.3 Layout planning 2.14.4 Vibration analysis of turbine foundations 2.15 Dynamic soil-structure interaction model for vibration analysis of turbine foundation 2.16 Computer analysis of turbine foundation based on multi degree of freedom 2.17 Analysis of turbine foundation 2.17.1 The analysis 2.17.2 Calculation of the eigen values 2.17.3 So the ground rule is 2.17.4 Calculation of amplitude 2.17.5 Calculation of moments, shears and torsion 2.17.6 Practical aspects of design of Turbine foundation 2.18 Design of turbine foundation 2.18.1 Check list for turbine foundation design 2.18.2 Spring mounted turbine foundation 3. Analytical and design concepts for earthquake engineering 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Why do earthquakes happen in nature? 3.1.2 Essential difference between systems subjected to earthquake and vibration from machine 3.1.3 Some history of major earthquakes around the world 3.1.4 Intensity 3.1.5 Effect of earthquake on soil-foundation system 3.1.6 Liquefaction analysis 3.2 Earthquake analysis 3.2.1 Seismic coefficient method 3.2.2 Response spectrum method 3.2.3 Dynamic analysis under earthquake loading 3.2.4 How do we evaluate the earthquake force? 3.2.5 Earthquake analysis of systems with multidegree of freedom 3.2.6 Modal combination of forces 3.3 Time history analysis under earthquake force 3.3.1 Earthquake analysis of tall chimneys and stack like structure 3.4 Analysis of concrete dams 3.4.1 Earthquake analysis of concrete dam 3.4.2 A method for dynamic analysis of concrete dam 3.5 Analysis of earth dams and embankments 3.5.1 Dynamic earthquake analysis of earth dams 3.5.2 Mononobe’s method for analysis of earth dam 3.5.3 Gazetas’ method for earth dam analysis 3.5.4 Makadisi and Seed’s method for analysis of earth dam 3.5.5 Calculation of seismic force in dam and its stability 3.6 Analysis of earth retaining structures 3.6.1 Earthquake analysis of earth retaining structures 3.6.2 Mononobe’s method of analysis of retaining wall 3.6.3 Seed and Whitman’s method 3.6.4 Arango’s method 3.6.5 Steedman and Zeng’s method 3.6.6 Dynamic analysis of RCC retaining wall 3.6.7 Dynamic analysis of cantilever and counterfort retaining wall 3.6.8 Some discussions on the above method 3.6.9 Extension to the generic case of soil at a slope i behind the wall 3.6.10 Dynamic analysis of counterfort retaining wall 3.6.11 Soil sloped at an angle i with horizontal 3.7 Unyielding earth retaining structures 3.7.1 Earthquake Analysis of rigid walls when the soil does not yield 3.7.2 Ostadan’s method 3.8 Earthquake analysis of water tanks 3.8.1 Analysis of water tanks under earthquake force 3.8.2 Impulsive time period for non rigid walls 3.8.3 Sloshing time period of the vibrating fluid 3.8.4 Calculation of horizontal seismic force for tank resting on ground 3.8.5 Calculation of base shear for tanks resting on ground 3.8.6 Calculation of bending moment on the tank wall resting on the ground 3.8.7 Calculation of hydrodynamic pressure 3.9 Mathematical model for overhead tanks under earthquake 3.9.1 Earthquake Analysis for overhead