Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete 1
1.2 Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as a
Structural Material 1
1.3 Disadvantages of Reinforced Concrete
as a Structural Material 2
1.4 Historical Background 3
1.5 Comparison of Reinforced Concrete and Structural
Steel for Buildings and Bridges 5
1.6 Compatibility of Concrete and Steel 6
1.7 Design Codes 7
1.8 SI Units and Shaded Areas 7
1.9 Types of Portland Cement 8
1.10 Admixtures 9
1.11 Properties of Reinforced Concrete 10
1.12 Aggregates 17
1.13 High–Strength Concretes 18
1.14 Fiber–Reinforced Concretes 20
1.15 Concrete Durability 21
1.16 Reinforcing Steel 21
1.17 Grades of Reinforcing Steel 24
1.18 Bar Sizes and Material Strengths 25
1.19 Corrosive Environments 26
1.20 Identifying Marks on Reinforcing Bars 26
1.21 Introduction to Loads 28
1.22 Dead Loads 28
1.23 Live Loads 28
1.24 Environmental Loads 30
1.25 Selection of Design Loads 32
1.26 Calculation Accuracy 33
1.27 Impact of Computers on Reinforced
Concrete Design 34
Chapter 2. Flexural Analysis of Beams 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Cracking Moment 38
2.3 Elastic Stresses–Concrete Cracked 40
2.4 Ultimate or Nominal Flexural
Moments 46
2.5 Example Problem Using SI Units 49
2.6 Computer Spreadsheets 50
Chapter 3. Strength Analysis of Beams According to
ACI Code 63
3.1 Design Methods 63
3.2 Advantages of Strength Design 64
3.3 Structural Safety 64
3.4 Derivation of Beam Expressions 65
3.5 Strains in Flexural Members 68
3.6 Balanced Sections, Tension–Controlled
Sections, and Compression–Controlled or
Brittle Sections 69
3.7 Strength Reduction or f Factors 70
3.8 Minimum Percentage of Steel 72
3.9 Balanced Steel Percentage 73
3.10 Example Problems 74
3.11 Computer Example 77
Chapter 4. Design of Rectangular Beams and
One–Way Slabs 79
4.1 Load Factors 79
4.2 Design of Rectangular Beams 81
4.3 Beam Design Examples 86
4.4 Miscellaneous Beam Considerations 92
4.5 Determining Steel Area When Beam
Dimensions Are Predetermined 93
4.6 Bundled Bars 95
4.7 One–Way Slabs 96
4.8 Cantilever Beams and Continuous Beams 99
4.9 SI Example 100
4.10 Computer Example 101
Chapter 5. Analysis and Design of T Beams and Doubly
Reinforced Beams 109
5.1 T Beams 111
5.2 Analysis of T Beams 111
5.3 Another Method for Analyzing T Beams 115
5.4 Design of T Beams 116
5.5 Design of T Beams for Negative Moments 122
5.6 L–Shaped Beams 124
5.7 Compression Steel 124
5.8 Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 129
5.9 SI Examples 132
5.10 Computer Examples 134
Chapter 6. Serviceability 150
6.1 Introduction 150
6.2 Importance of Deflections 150
6.3 Control of Deflections 151
6.4 Calculation of Deflections 153
6.5 Effective Moments of Inertia 153
6.6 Long–Term Deflections 156
6.7 Simple–Beam Deflections 158
6.8 Continuous–Beam Deflections 160
6.9 Types of Cracks 166
6.10 Control of Flexural Cracks 167
6.11 ACI Code Provisions Concerning Cracks 171
6.12 Miscellaneous Cracks 172
6.13 SI Example 172
6.14 Computer Examples 173
Chapter 7. Bond, Development Lengths, and
Splices 180
7.1 Cutting Off or Bending Bars 180
7.2 Bond Stresses 183
7.3 Development Lengths for Tension
Reinforcing 186
7.4 Development Lengths for Bundled Bars 194
7.5 Hooks 195
7.6 Development Lengths for Welded Wire Fabric
in Tension 199
7.7 Development Lengths for Compression
Bars 200
7.8 Critical Sections for Development Length 202
7.9 Effect of Combined Shear and Moment
on Development Lengths 202
7.10 Effect of Shape of Moment Diagram
on Development Lengths 203
7.11 Cutting Off or Bending Bars
(Continued) 204
7.12 Bar Splices in Flexural Members 207
7.13 Tension Splices 208
7.14 Compression Splices 209
7.15 Headed and Mechanically
Anchored Bars 210
7.16 SI Example 211
7.17 Computer Example 212
Chapter 8. Shear and Diagonal Tension 219
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 Shear Stresses in Concrete Beams 219
8.3 Lightweight Concrete 220
8.4 Shear Strength of Concrete 221
8.5 Shear Cracking of Reinforced Concrete
Beams 222
8.6 Web Reinforcement 223
8.7 Behavior of Beams with Web
Reinforcement 225
8.8 Design for Shear 226
8.9 ACI Code Requirements 228
8.10 Example Shear Design Problems 233
8.11 Economical Spacing of Stirrups 243
8.12 Shear Friction and Corbels 243
8.13 Shear Strength of Members Subjected
to Axial Forces 246
8.14 Shear Design Provisions for Deep Beams 248
8.15 Introductory Comments on Torsion 249
8.16 SI Example 251
8.17 Computer Example 252
Chapter 9. Introduction to Columns 257
9.1 General 257
9.2 Types of Columns 258
9.3 Axial Load Capacity of Columns 260
9.4 Failure of Tied and Spiral Columns 261
9.5 Code Requirements for Cast–in–Place
Columns 264
9.6 Safety Provisions for Columns 266
9.7 Design Formulas 266
9.8 Comments on Economical Column Design 266
9.9 Design of Axially Loaded Columns 269
9.10 SI Example 271
9.11 Computer Example 272
Chapter 10. Design of Short Columns Subject to Axial
Load and Bending 275
10.1 Axial Load and Bending 275
10.2 The Plastic Centroid 276
10.3 Development of Interaction Diagrams 278
10.4 Use of Interaction Diagrams 283
10.5 Code Modifications of Column Interaction
Diagrams 285
10.6 Design and Analysis of Eccentrically Loaded
Columns Using Interaction Diagrams 287
10.7 Shear in Columns 295
10.8 Biaxial Bending 296
10.9 Design of Biaxially Loaded Columns 300
10.10 Discussion of Capacity Reduction Factor, f 303
10.11 Computer Example 305
Chapter 11. Slender Columns 311
11.1 Introduction 311
11.2 Nonsway and Sway Frames 311
11.3 Slenderness Effects 312
11.4 Determining k Factors with Alignment
Charts 315
11.5 Determining k Factors with Equations 317
11.6 First–Order Analyses Using Special Member
Properties 318
11.7 Slender Columns in Nonsway or Sway
Frames 319
11.8 ACI Code Treatment of Slenderness Effects 322
11.9 Magnification of Column Moments in Nonsway
Frames 322
11.10 Magnification of Column Moments in Sway
Frames 327
11.11 Analysis of Sway Frames 330
11.12 Computer Examples 336
Chapter 12. Footings 341
12.1 Introduction 341
12.2 Types of Footings 341
12.3 Actual Soil Pressures 342
12.4 Allowable Soil Pressures 345
12.5 Design of Wall Footings 346
12.6 Design of Square Isolated Footings 351
12.7 Footings Supporting Round or Regular
Polygon–Shaped Footings 357
12.8 Load Transfer from Columns to Footings 358
12.9 Rectangular Isolated Footings 362
12.10 Combined Footings 364
12.11 Footing Design for Equal Settlements 370
12.12 Footings Subjected to Lateral Moments 372
12.13 Transfer of Horizontal Forces 375
12.14 Plain Concrete Footings 376
12.15 SI Example 378
12.16 Computer Examp
