Spatial Grasp as a Model for Space-based Control and Management Systems

Governmental agencies and private companies of different countries are actively moving into space around Earth with the aim to provide smart communication and industry, security, and defense solutions. This often involves massive launches of small, cheap satellites in low earth orbits, which is also contributing to the growth of space debris. The book offers a high-level holistic system philosophy, model, and technology that can effectively organize distributed space-based systems, starting with their planning, creation, and growth. The Spatial Grasp Technology described in the book, based on parallel navigation and pattern-matching of distributed environments with high-level recursive mobile code, can effectively provide any networking protocols and important system applications, by integrating and tasking available terrestrial and celestial equipment. This book contains practical examples of technology-based solutions for tracing hypersonic gliders, continuing observation of certain objects and infrastructures on Earth from space, space-based command and control of large distributed systems, as well as collective removal of increasing amounts of space junk. Earlier versions of this technology were prototyped and used in different countries, with the current version capable of being quickly implemented in traditional industrial or even university environments. This book is oriented toward system scientists, application programmers, industry managers, and university students interested in advanced MSc and PhD projects related to space conquest and distributed system management. Dr Peter Simon Sapaty, Chief Research Scientist, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, has worked with networked systems for five decades. Outside of Ukraine, he has worked in the former Czechoslovakia (now Czech Republic and Slovakia), Germany, the UK, Canada, and Japan as a group leader, Alexander von Humboldt researcher, and invited and visiting professor. He launched and chaired the Special Interest Group (SIG) on Mobile Cooperative Technologies in Distributed Interactive Simulation project in the United States, and invented a distributed control technology that resulted in a European patent and books with Wiley, Springer, and Emerald. He has published more than 250 papers on distributed systems and has been included in the Marquis Who’s Who in the World and Cambridge Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century. Peter also works with several international scientific journals.

Spatial Grasp as a Model for Space-Based Control and Management Systems P. S. Sapaty (book contents) Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Rush into Space, Existing Problems, and Solutions Needed 1.2 Some History of Dealing with Large Distributed Systems 1.3 New Philosophy, Model, and Technology for Management of Space 1.4 Summary of Book Chapters References Chapter2: Satellite Constellations, Projects, and Debris 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Constellations and Mega-Constellations 2.2.1 General on multiple satellites 2.2.2 Constellation Management Issues 2.2.3 On-Board Intelligence Needed 2.2.4 Replacement and Variable Size of Satellites 2.2.5 Communication Issues 2.2.6 Gateways and Antennas 2.2.7 Mega-Constellations and Mega-Debris 2.3 Examples of Projects with Multiple Satellites in Space 2.3.1 Strategic Defense Initiative 2.3.2 Next-Generation Space Architecture 2.3.3 Commercial and Industrial Projects 2.4 Debris Problems and Solutions 2.4.1 General on debris 2.4.2 Legal Issues of Removal 2.4.3 Surveillance and Tracking 2.4.4 Complexity of Removal 2.4.5 Removal Contracts and Techniques 2.4.6 Very First Removal Missions 2.5 Conclusions References Chapter 3: Spatial Grasp Model and Technology (SGT) 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Algorithm and Flowcharts 3.3 Spatial Grasp versus Traditional Algorithm 3.3.1 Elementary Spatial Grasp Explanation 3.3.1.1 Single operation 3.3.1.2 Sequence of operations 3.3.2 Using Rules 3.3.2.1 In sequencing of operations 3.3.2.2 In branching operations 3.3.3 Recursive Hierarchy of Scenarios 3.3.4 Treating Any Operations as Rules Too 3.3.4.1 Collecting data for local processing 3.3.4.2 Local processing but leaving results remotely 3.3.5 Expressing Sequences of Operations by a Rule Too 3.3.6 The Resultant Unified Recursive Syntax of SG Scenarios 3.3.6.1 Some possible flowchart extensions 3.3.6.2 Some scenario simplifications 3.4 Spatial Grasp Technology (SGT) Basics 3.4.1 The Spatial Grasp Language 3.4.2 The Worlds SGT Operates with 3.4.3 SGL Constants 3.4.4 SGL Variables 3.4.5 SGL Rules 3.4.6 Control States 3.4.7 How SGL Scenarios Evolve 3.4.8 Networked SGL Interpreter 3.4.8.1 General on SGL interpretation 3.4.8.2 Some interpreter details 3.4.8.3 Spatial track system 3.5 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Spatial Grasp Language (SGL) 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Full SGL Syntax and General Issues 4.3 SGL Constants 4.3.1 Information 4.3.2 Physical matter 4.3.3 Special Constants 4.3.4 Custom Constants 4.3.5 Compound Constants 4.4 SGL Variables 4.4.1 Global Variables 4.4.2 Heritable Variables 4.4.3 Frontal Variables 4.4.4 Nodal Variables 4.4.5 Environmental Variables 4.5 Rules 4.5.1 Type 4.5.2 Usage 4.5.3 Movement 4.5.4 Creation 4.5.5 Echoing 4.5.6 Verification 4.5.7 Assignment 4.5.8 Advancement 4.5.9 Branching 4.5.10 Transference 4.5.11 Exchange 4.5.12 Timing 4.5.13 Qualification 4.5.14 Grasping 4.6 Examples of Spatial Scenarios in SGL 4.6.1 Network Management 4.6.2 Human-robotic collectives 4.6.3 Spreading and Fighting Viruses 4.7 Conclusion References Chapter 5: Elementary Constellation Operations under SGT 5.1 Introduction 5.2 A Brief Summary of Spatial Grasp Technology 5.3 Integrating Satellite Constellations under SGT 5.4 Broadcasting Executive Orders to All Satellites 5.5 Broadcasting to All satellites with Returning Their Accumulated Data 5.6 Constellation Repositioning and Restructuring 5.7 Towards More Complex Constellation Solutions under SGT 5.8 Conclusions References Chapter 6: Transport Layer Organization under SGT 6.1 Introduction 6.2 A Brief Summary of Spatial Grasp Technology 6.3 SDA Transport Layer 6.4 Dealing with Dynamic Constellation Topologies 6.4.1 Reaching Proper Satellite Nodes 6.4.2 Package Delivery to Given Destinations 6.4.3 Moving to Proper Destinations and Returning Packs from Them 6.4.4 Providing Further Flexibility for Dealing with Dynamic Topologies 6.5 Working with Stable Constellation Topologies 6.5.1 Creating Stable Constellation Network Topology and Its Advantages 6.5.2 Finding Shortest Path Tree from a Node to All Other Nodes 6.5.3 Collecting Shortest Path via SPT 6.5.4 Creating Routing Tables 6.6 Finding Particular Components and Structures in Stable Networks 6.6.1 Finding Weakest Points 6.6.2 Finding Strongest Parts 6.7 Example of Using Stable Constellation Networks 6.8 Conclusions References Chapter 7: Advanced Space Projects Management under SGT 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A Brief Summary of Spatial Grasp Technology 7.3 Programming Brilliant Pebbles 7.4 Managing Tracking layer 7.4.1 Tracing Hypersonic Gliders 7.4.2 Multithreaded Tracing 7.5 Managing Custody Layer 7.5.1 Continuous Observation by a Mobile Scenario 7.5.2 Working with Constellation Unpredictability 7.6 Working with Stable Constellation Topologies 7.6.1 Managing Custody Alone 7.6.2 Custody and Tracking Working Together 7.7 Conclusions References Chapter 8: Using Virtual Layer for Constellation Management 8.1 Introduction 8.2 A Brief Summary of Spatial Grasp Technology 8.3 Introducing Virtual Layer for Custody Support 8.4 Examples of Custody Operations via the Virtual Layer 8.4.1 Verifying Changing Distance between Remote Custody Locations 8.4.2 Organizing Worldwide Goods Delivery via Virtual Layer 8.4.3 Analyzing Complex Distributed System as a Whole 8.5 Distributed Virtual-Physical Command and Control 8.5.1 Regularly Updating Correspondence between Virtual and Physical C2 8.5.2 Delivering C2 Operation via Virtual Layer 8.5.3 Managing Two-Level Virtual-Physical Infrastructure: 8.5.4 Multi-Level Virtual-Physical C2 Infrastructure 8.6 Conclusions References Chapter 9: Space Debris Removal under SGT 9.1 Introduction 9.2 A Brief Summary of Spatial Grasp Technology (SGT) 9.3 Intelligent Constellation of Junk Cleaners 9.4 Junk Removal by Initiative of Cleaners Network 9.4.1 Finding and Deorbiting of a Single Junk Item 9.4.2 Removing Many Junk Items Simultaneously 9.5 Active Virtual Junk Solution 9.6 Combined Physical-Virtual Organization 9.7 Conclusions References Chapter 10: Conclusions 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Main Book Results 10.3 Other Possibilities Provided by Spatial Grasp Technology 10.4 Technology Implementation Issues References

Dr Peter Simon Sapaty, Chief Research Scientist, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, is with networked systems for five decades. Outside of Ukraine, worked in the former Czechoslovakia (now Slovak Republic), Germany, the UK, Canada, and Japan as a group leader, Alexander von Humboldt researcher, and invited and visiting professor. He launched and chaired the SIG on Mobile Cooperative Technologies in Distributed Interactive Simulation project in the US, and invented a distributed control technology that resulted in a European patent and books with Wiley, Springer, and Emerald. He has published more than 220 papers on distributed systems, and has been included in the Marquis Who’s Who in the World and Cambridge Outstanding Intellectuals of the 21st Century. Peter also works with several international scientific journals.