Solid State Chemistry An Introduction

Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction presents a wide range of the synthetic and physical techniques used to prepare and characterize solids. Going beyond this, this largely nonmathematical introduction to solid state chemistry includes the bonding and electronic, magnetic, electrical and optical properties of solids. Solids of particular interest porous solids, superconductors and nanostructures are included. Practical examples of applications and modern developments are given. It offers students the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real-life situations and serve them well throughout their degree course.

Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Authors Contributors List of Units, Prefixes, and Constants Chapter 1 An Introduction to Crystal Structures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Lattices and Unit Cells 1.3 Symmetry 1.4 Symmetry in Crystals 1.5. Three Dimensional Lattices and their Unit Cells 1.6. Close Packing 1.7. Crystal Planes: Miller Indices 1.8. Crystalline Solids 1.9. Lattice Energy 1.10 Summary Questions Chapter 2 Physical Methods for Characterising Solids 2.1 Introduction 2.2 X-ray Diffraction 2.3. Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction 2.4. Powder Diffraction 2.5. Neutron Diffraction 2.6 X-ray Microscopy/X-ray Computed Tomography 2.7. Electron Microscopy 2.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy 2.9 Atomic Force Microscopy 2.10 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy 2.11 Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. 2.12 Thermal Analysis 2.13 Temperature Programmed Reduction, TPR 2.14 Other Techniques Summary Questions Chapter 3 Synthesis of Solids 3.1 Introduction 3.2. High-Temperature Ceramic Methods 3.3. Mechanochemical Synthesis 3.4. Microwave Synthesis 3.5. Combustion Synthesis 3.6 High Pressure Methods 3.7. Chemical Vapour Deposition 3.8. Preparing Single Crystals 3.9. Intercalation 3.10 Green Chemistry 3.11 Choosing a Method Questions Chapter 4 Solids: bonding and electronic properties 4.1 Introduction 4.2. Bonding in Solids: Free Electron Theory 4.3. Bonding in Solids: Molecular Orbital Theory 4.4. Semiconductors: Si and Ge 4.5. Bands in Compounds: Gallium Arsenide 4.6. Bands in d-block compounds: Transition Metal Monoxides 4.7. Summary Questions Chapter 5 Defects and non-stoichiometry 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Point Defects and their concentration 5.3. Non-stoichiometric Compounds 5.4. Extended Defects 5.5. Electronic Properties of Non-Stoichiometric Oxides Summary Questions Chapter 6 Solid State Materials for Batteries 6.1 Introduction 6.2. Ionic Conductivity in Solids 6.3. Solid Electrolytes 6.4. Lithium-based Batteries 6.5. Sodium-based Batteries Summary Questions Chapter 7 Microporous and Mesoporous Solids 7.1 Introduction 7.2. Zeolites 7.3. Metal Organic Frameworks 7.4. Covalent Organic Frameworks 7.5. Other Porous Solids Summary Questions Chapter 8 Optical Properties of solids 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Interaction of Light with Atoms 8.3 Colour Centres 8.4. Absorption and Emission of Radiation in Continuous Solids 8.5. Carbon-based Conducting Polymers 8.6. Refraction 8.7. Photonic Crystals 8.8. Metamaterials Summary Questions Chapter 9 Magnetic and Electrical Properties 9.1 Introduction 9.2. Magnetic Susceptibility 9.3. Paramagnetism in Metal Complexes 9.4. Ferromagnetic Metals 9.5. Ferromagnetic Compounds 9.6. Antiferromagnetsism: Transition Metal Monoxides 9.7. Ferrimagnetism: Ferrites 9.8. Spiral Magnetism 9.9 Giant, Tunnelling and Colossal Magnetoresistance 9.10. Electrical Polarisation 9.11. Piezoelectric Crystals 9.12. Ferroelectric Effect 9.13 Multiferroics Summary Questions Chapter 10 Superconductivity 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Properties of Superconductors 10.3. High Temperature Superconductors 10.4. Uses of Superconductors Summary Questions Chapter 11 Nanostructures 11.1 Introduction 11.2. Consequences of the Nanoscale 11.3. Nanostructural Carbon 11.4. Non-carbon Nanoparticles 11.5. Other Non-carbon Nanostructures 11.6. Synthesis of Nanoparticles 11.7. Safety Summary Questions Chapter 12 Sustainability 11.1 Introduction 11.2. Tools for Sustainable Approaches 11.3. Case Study: Sustainability of a Smart Phone 11.4. Conclusion Questions Further Reading Answers to Questions Index

Elaine A. Moore studied chemistry as an undergraduate at Oxford University and then stayed on to complete a DPhil in theoretical chemistry with Peter Atkins. After a two- year postdoctoral position at the University of Southampton, she joined the Open University in 1975, becoming a lecturer in chemistry in 1977, senior lecturer in 1998 and reader in 2004.She retired in 2017 and currently has an honorary position at the Open University. She has produced OU teaching texts in chemistry for courses at levels 1, 2 and 3 and written texts in astronomy at level 2 and physics at level 3. She is coauthor of Metals and Life and of Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry, which were part of a level 3 Open University course in inorganic chemistry and co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry. She was team leader for the production and presentation of an Open University level 2 chemistry module delivered entirely online. She is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry and a Senior Fellow of the Higher Education Academy. She was co-chair for the successful Departmental submission of an Athena Swan bronze award. Her research interests are in theoretical chemistry applied mainly to solid-state systems and is author or coauthor of over 50 papers in refereed scientific journals. A long-standing collaboration in this area led to her being invited to help run a series of postgraduate workshops on computational Materials Science hosted by the University of Khartoum. Lesley E. Smart studied chemistry at Southampton University, United Kingdom, and after completing a PhD in Raman spectroscopy, she moved to a lectureship at the (then) Royal University of Malta. After returning to the United Kingdom, she took an SRC Fellowship to Bristol University to work on X-ray crystallography. From 1977 to 2009, she worked at the Open University chemistry department as a lecturer, senior lecturer and Molecular Science Programme director, and held an honorary senior lectureship there until her death in 2016. At the Open University, she was involved in the production of undergraduate courses in inorganic and physical chemistry and health sciences. She was the coordinating editor and an author of The Molecular World course, a series of eight books and DVDs co-published with the Royal Society of Chemistry, authoring two of these (2002), The Third Dimension and Separation, Purification and Identification. Her most recent books are (2007) Alcohol and Human Health and (2010) Concepts in Transition Metal Chemistry. She has an entry in Mothers in Science: 64 Ways to Have It All (downloadable from the Royal Society website). She served on the Council of the Royal Society of Chemistry and as the chair of their Benevolent Fund. Her research interests were in the characterisation of the solid state, and she authored publications on single-crystal Raman studies, X-ray crystallography, Zintl phases, pigments and heterogeneous catalysis and fuel cells.