I Morals and Ethics.- Life and Moral Problems.- Moral Decisions.- Statements About Moral Decisions.- Morals and Ethics.- Objectives of Ethical Reflection.- Moral and Nonmoral Decisions.- Moral Situations and Ethical Reflections.- Types of Ethical Questions.- Ethics and Philosophy.- II The Moral Situation.- An Example of a Moral Situation.- Logical vs. Factual Alternatives.- Choice and Decision.- The Logic of Decision.- Nature of the First Premise.- Nature of the Conclusion.- Factual Nature of the Second Premise.- Role of Factual Considerations.- Motives and Morals.- Summary.- III Moral Principles.- The Forms of Moral Principles.- Nonmoral Commands and Obligations.- Moral Principles as Moral Obligations.- The Unconditional Nature of the Moral Principle.- Moral Principles and Legal Principles.- The Logical Subject of Moral Principles.- Moral Principles Timeless.- Moral Principles and Laws of Nature.- Tests of Proposed Moral Principles.- Moral Principles as Universal Premises.- Moral Principles as Moral Justification.- Summary.- IV Moral Principles: Hedonism.- The Appeal to Happiness.- Justification by Consequences.- The Hedonistic Principle.- Empirical Questions.- Modification of the Hedonistic Principle.- The Relation of Happiness to Acts.- Egoistic Dilemmas.- Some Difficulties of the Hedonistic Calculus.- Are Consequences Within the Power of Men?.- What is Happiness?.- Transition to Universalistic Hedonism.- Difficulties of the Hedonistic Calculus.- The Utilitarian Definition: Happiness = Pleasure Plus Absence of Pain.- The Utilitarian Dimensions of Happiness.- The Validity of Utilitarianism as a Principle.- V Theological Morals.- The Appeal to God’s Will.- God’s Will Not a Cause.- The Meaning of “Gods Will”.- “God Wills” as “God Approves”.- “God Wills” as “God Purposes”.- Meanings of the Principle.- Application of the Principle.- The Bible as Source of God’s Will.- World Reveals God’s Will.- The Christian Interpretation.- VI The Principle of Duty.- Comparison of Duty with Other Principles.- The Meaning of the Principle of Duty.- Consequences as Criteria.- The Imperative and Categorical Nature of Duty.- Duty and Role.- Duties are to Others.- Summary.- Deciding if an Act is Our Duty.- Universality as a Criterion of Duty.- Which Maxim is to be Universalized?.- Universality and Self-contradiction.- Vagueness of Principle of Duty.- VII Self Principles.- The Ubiquity of Appeals to Self Realization.- The Meaning of “Selfish”.- Meaning of “Everyone Does What He Wants to Do”.- Happiness as a Cause vs. as a Concomitant.- Selfish or Self-ish.- The Real Self.- What is the Self.- The Self-principle not Precise.- The Self as Product of Society.- Self as Unique Entity.- Plurality of Selves.- VIII Societal Principles.- Social Relativism.- The Ambiguity of the Principle.- Right is What Any Society Approves.- Social Relativism and Sociology.- Criterion vs. Standard.- What is Society?.- Society is Not the Law.- Society is Not the Sovereign.- The Organic Theory of Society.- The Marxist Theory of Society.- Application of the Societal Principle.- Social Approval Implies the Immorality of Individualism.- Summary.- IX Survival Principles.- Survival and Everyday Living.- The Moral Argument.- The Ambiguity of “Survival”.- Implications of Survival Principle.- “Survival” Implies a Quality of Life.- Survival of Species.- Survival of Superior Individuals.- Survival of One’s Group.- What is it to Survive?.- Moral Disagreements and Survival.- Summary.- X Opportunistic Principles.- Absence of Principle.- Doing as One Pleases.- The Role of Desire.- Emotivism.- Summary of Usages.- Opportunism and Moral Decisions.- The Intrusion of a Prior Principle.- The Possibility of a Criterion.- The Time Element.- XI Ends and Means.- The Second Premise.- Means-end Not Cause-effect.- Empirical Verification.- Definition of “Means” and “End”.- Discovering Means-End Relations.- The Inadequacy of Induction.- Moral Traits Recognized, Not Inductively Discovered.- Means and Ends are Inter-related.- Means Need to be Judged.- Summary.- XII Judging the Act.- The Right.- Meanings of the Word “Right”.- “Right” in a Moral Context and Ought.- Rightness and Consequences.- Disagreements about Ordering Consequences.- Rightness in Terms of Prior Conditions.- Right Act One in Accord with Moral Principle.- Rightness Intrinsic to the Act.- Criteria for Rightness.- XIII Judging the Ends — the Good.- Usages of “Good”.- “Good” as Applied to Ends.- Good or a Good.- Happiness is Not the Same Thing as Good.- Good and Approve.- Good as a Quality.- Nature of a Definition.- Physical Qualities vs. Non-physical Ones.- Good as a Function of Context.- Good as an Indefinable Predicate.- Criteria of a Good End.- Autonomy of Good.- Experience in Recognition of Good Ends.- XIV Motives and Consequences.- Motives.- Motives in Moral Decisions.- Discovering Motives.- Motives as Desires or Impulses.- Impulses.- Motives and Behavior.- Summary.- Consequences.- Moral Evaluation and Consequences.- What are Consequences?.- The Calculus of Consequences.- Present or Future Consequences.- Actual and Intended Consequences.- Determinism and Intentions.- Conclusions.- XV Judging The Person.- To Be Moral and To be Virtuous.- Virtue is Behavior.- Morality and Moral Principles.- Moral Rigidity.- The Yoke of the Law.- Morality and Good Will.- Morality and Consequences.- Morality is Behavior.- To Be Moral is to Be Rational.- To Be Moral is to be Christlike.- Marks of a Moral Person.- Summary.- XVI Justifying Moral Principles.- Justification and Deduction.- Moral Disagreement and Logical Issues.- Justification of Axioms.- Justification of a Principle is About the Principle.- Need for Nonmoral Considerations.- Justifying Factual Statements.- Justification by Description.- “To Justify” means “To Show What is the Case”.- The Factual Basis of Moral Justification.- Human Nature.- Nature of World.- God.- Ultimate Good.- Justification of Moral Principles.- Summary.- XVII Nature of Moral Statements.- Types of Statements.- Definitions, Value Judgments, and Facts.- Factual Statements.- Definitional Statements.- Persuasive Statements.- Expressive Statements.- Commands and Rules.- Moral Principles as Factual Statements.- Pseudo-factual Statements — Definitions.- Moral Statements as Persuasive.- Moral Statements are Expressions of Approval.- Approval and Commands.- Interpretation of Moral Statements.- Values vs. Facts.- XVIII Moral Disagreements and Their Resolution.- The Difficulty of Resolving Moral Disagreement.- Sources of Disagreement.- Questions of Principle and of Fact.- Moral Disagreements.- Sources of Moralistic Disagreements — Facts.- Disagreements over Authority of Principle.- Pseudo-Disagreement.- Disagreements Over Who is or Who is Not Moral.- Disagreements Over Evaluation of Facts.- Disagreement Over Relation of Motives to Morals.- Techniques to Resolve Moral Disagreements.- Use of Force.- Rational Solution of Moral Disagreement.- Appeal to an Ideal Observer.- Casuistry as a Method.- Resolution of Moral Disagreements.- XIX Freedom and Responsibility.- Compulsion and Responsibility.- Ambiguity of “Responsible”.- Responsibility and Choice.- Meaning of “John is Free”.- Proving “John is Free”.- Usages of “Responsible”.- Responsibility and Blame.- Responsibility and Duty.- Freedom vs. Determinism.- “Could Have Done Otherwise”.- Summary.- XX An Example of Making Moral Decisions: Euthanasia.- Meaning of “Euthanasia”.- The Moral Issue.- Economic and Moral Justification.- Are Ends Good?.- Alleviation of Pain not Intrinsic Good.- Is the Act Right?.- Consequences of Euthanasia.- Euthanasia and Moral Principles.- Euthanasia as Praiseworthy but Immoral.- XXI Man, Morals and The State.- Is State a Moral Agent?.- Is “Moral” a Proper Predicate for Names of States?.- Names of States and Distributive Nouns.- Justifications of National Decisions.- National Interests and Moral Questions.- Good Citizen and Moral Man.- Criticisms of Laws.- Constitution and Moral Principles.-
