Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements

Weighing in on the growth of innovative technologies, the adoption of new standards, and the lack of educational development as it relates to current and emerging applications, the third edition of Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements uses the authors’ 40 years of teaching experience to expound on the theory, science, and art of modern instrumentation and measurements (I&M). What’s New in This Edition: This edition includes material on modern integrated circuit (IC) and photonic sensors, micro-electro-mechanical (MEM) and nano-electro-mechanical (NEM) sensors, chemical and radiation sensors, signal conditioning, noise, data interfaces, and basic digital signal processing (DSP), and upgrades every chapter with the latest advancements. It contains new material on the designs of micro-electro-mechanical (MEMS) sensors, adds two new chapters on wireless instrumentation and microsensors, and incorporates extensive biomedical examples and problems. Containing 13 chapters, this third edition: Describes sensor dynamics, signal conditioning, and data display and storage Focuses on means of conditioning the analog outputs of various sensors Considers noise and coherent interference in measurements in depth Covers the traditional topics of DC null methods of measurement and AC null measurements Examines Wheatstone and Kelvin bridges and potentiometers Explores the major AC bridges used to measure inductance, Q, capacitance, and D Presents a survey of sensor mechanisms Includes a description and analysis of sensors based on the giant magnetoresistive effect (GMR) and the anisotropic magnetoresistive (AMR) effect Provides a detailed analysis of mechanical gyroscopes, clinometers, and accelerometers Contains the classic means of measuring electrical quantities Examines digital interfaces in measurement systems Defines digital signal conditioning in instrumentation Addresses solid-state chemical microsensors and wireless instrumentation Introduces mechanical microsensors (MEMS and NEMS) Details examples of the design of measurement systems Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements is written with practicing engineers and scientists in mind, and is intended to be used in a classroom course or as a reference. It is assumed that the reader has taken core EE curriculum courses or their equivalents.

Measurement Systems Introduction Measurement System Architecture Errors in Measurements Standards Used in Measurements Chapter Summary Problems Analog Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation Introduction Differential Amplifiers Operational Amplifiers Analog Active Filter Applications Using Conventional Op-Amps Instrumentation Amplifiers Nonlinear Analog Signal Processing by Op-Amps and by Special Function Modules Charge Amplifiers Phase-Sensitive Rectifiers Chapter Summary Problems Noise and Coherent Interference in Measurements Introduction Descriptions of Random Noise in Circuits Propagation of Gaussian Noise through Linear Filters Broadband Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Amplifiers Spot Noise Factor and Figure Transformer Optimization of Amplifier Fspot and Output SNR Cascaded Noisy Amplifiers Examples of Calculations of the Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain Signal Conditioning Systems Modern, Low-Noise Amplifiers for Use in Instrumentation Signal-Conditioning Systems Coherent Interference and Its Minimization Chapter Summary Problems DC Null Methods of Measurement Introduction Wheatstone Bridge Analysis Kelvin Bridge Anderson Constant Current Loop Potentiometers Chapter Summary Problems AC Null Measurements Introduction Components: Inductor Equivalent Circuits Components: Capacitor Equivalent Circuits AC Operation of Wheatstone Bridges AC Bridges Chapter Summary Problems Survey of Sensor Mechanisms Introduction Categories of Sensor Mechanisms Fiber-Optic Sensors Photomultiplier Tubes and Related Photoelectron Multiplication Devices Ionizing Radiation Sensors Electrochemical Sensors Mechano-Optical Sensors Chapter Summary Problems Applications of Sensors to Physical Measurements Introduction Measurement of Angular Acceleration, Velocity, and Displacement Measurement of Linear Acceleration, Velocity, Displacement, and Position Measurement of Force and Torque Pressure Measurements Introduction to Substance Detection and Measurement Using Photons Other Means of Substance Detection Temperature Measurements Chapter Summary Problems Basic Electrical Measurements Introduction DC Voltage Measurements Measurement of Static Electric Fields and the Potential of Charged Surfaces DC Measurements AC Voltage Measurements AC Measurements Magnetic Field Measurements Phase Measurements Measurements of Frequency and Period (Time) Measurement of Resistance, Capacitance, and Inductance Vector Impedance Meters Chapter Summary Problems Digital Interfaces in Measurement Systems Introduction Sampling Theorem Quantization Noise Dithering DACs Hold Operation ADCs IEEE- Instrumentation Bus (GPIB) Serial Data Communications Links CAMAC (IEEE-) Modular Instrumentation Standard and the VXI Modular Instrumentation Architecture How Transmission Lines Affect the Transfer of Digital Data Data Transmission on Fiber-Optic Cables Virtual Instruments Chapter Summary Problems Introduction to Digital Signal Conditioning in Instrumentation Introduction Digital Filters and the z-Transform Some Simple DSP Algorithms Discrete and Fast Fourier Transforms and Their Applications Digital Routines for Interpolating Discrete Data Chapter Summary Problems Solid-State Chemical Microsensors and Wireless Instrumentation Introduction Chemical Microsensor Designs Electronic Noses Radio ICs for Wireless Data Transmission Wireless Patient Monitoring Systems Power Sources for Wireless Sensors, Effectors, and WDX Absorbable Electronic Circuit Implants Chapter Summary Problems Introduction to Mechanical Microsensors Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems MEM Accelerometer and Pressure Sensor ICs MEM Rate Gyros Cantilever-Like MEMS and NEMS and Their Applications Chapter Summary Problems Examples of the Design of Measurement Systems Introduction Self-Nulling, Microdegree Resolution Polarimeter to Measure Glucose in Bioreactors Design of a System to Detect, Measure, and Locate Partial Discharges in High-Voltage Coaxial Power Cables Design of a Closed-Loop, Constant-Phase, Pulsed Laser Ranging System and Velocimeter Design of Capacitive Sensors for the Detection of Hidden Objects Chapter Summary Glossary References Index

Robert B. Northrop, PhD, majored in electrical engineering (EE) at MIT, graduating with a bachelor’s degree in 1956. At the University of Connecticut, he earned his master’s degree in electrical and systems engineering in 1958. As the result of a long-standing interest in physiology, he enrolled in a PhD program at UCONN in physiology, doing research on the neuromuscular physiology of molluscan catch muscles. He received his PhD in 1964. In 1963, he rejoined the UCONN EE Department as a lecturer and was hired as an assistant professor of EE in 1964. He has written numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals, and 12 textbooks including the following books published by CRC Press: Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements (1997), Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation and Control of Physiological Systems (2000), Dynamic Modeling of Neuro-Sensory Systems (2001), Noninvasive Instrumentation and Measurements in Medical Diagnosis (2002), Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits in Biomedical Engineering (2004), Introduction to Instrumentation and Measurements—2nd edition (2005), Introduction to Molecular Biology, Genomics & Proteomics for Biomedical Engineers (with Anne N. Connor) (2008), Signals and Systems Analysis in Biomedical Engineering—2nd edition (2010), Introduction to Complexity and Complex Systems (2011), Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits in Biomedical Engineering—2nd edition (2012), and Ecological Sustainability: Understanding Complex Issues (with Anne N. Connor) (2013).