Design of Hydraulic Gates

Revised and updated, this second edition of Design of Hydraulic Gates maintains the same goal as the original: to be used as a textbook and a manual of design of gates, presenting the main aspects of design, manufacture, installation and operation of hydraulic gates, while introducing new products, technologies and calculation procedures. This edition included new chapters on intake gates and trashrack design, highlighting the aspects of safety, operational and maintenance procedures. To improve the strength against structural failure of intake trashracks, the author proposes a series of rigid calculation assumptions, design parameters and manufacturing procedures, which will certainly result in safer trashracks. Some 340 drawings and photographs, 82 tables, 107 references and 23 worked examples help the reader to understand the basic concepts and calculation methods presented.

PrefaceAcknowledgements 1 Introduction 1.1 History and development 1.2 Gate components 1.3 Main applications 1.4 Types and classifications 1.4.1 Purpose 1.4.2 Movement 1.4.3 Water passage 1.4.4 Gate leaf composition 1.4.5 Location 1.4.6 Skin plate shape 2 Types of gates 2.1 Flap gate 2.2 Cylinder gate 2.3 Stoplogs 2.4 Slide gate 2.5 Caterpillar gate 2.6 Miter gate 2.7 Roller gate 2.8 Segment gate 2.9 Sector gate 2.10 Stoney gate 2.11 Drum gate 2.12 Bear-trap gate 2.13 Fixed-wheel gate 2.14 Visor gate 3 Basis for selection of gate type 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Most common types 3.3 Operational requirements 3.4 Present limits of gate sizes and heads 4 Hydrostatics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Vertical lift gates 4.2.1 Weir gates 4.2.2 Submerged gates 4.2.3 Spacing of horizontal beams 4.3 Radial gates 5 Structural design 5.1 Load cases 5.2 Allowable stresses 5.3 Skin plate 5.3.1 Thickness 5.3.2 Plate stresses 5.3.3 Effective width 5.4 Horizontal beams 5.4.1 Number of beams 5.4.2 Girder dimensions 5.4.2.1 Web thickness 5.4.2.2 Web depth 5.4.2.3 Flanges 5.4.3 Elastic stability 5.4.3.1 Compression flanges 5.4.3.2 Web stability 5.4.3.3 Stiffeners 5.4.4 Simple bending of beams 5.5 Segment gate 5.5.1 Skin plate 5.5.2 Gate framing 5.5.2.1 Girder arrangement 5.5.2.2 Horizontal beams 5.5.2.3 Vertical beams 5.5.3 Radial arms 5.5.3.1 Axial loads on the arms 5.5.3.2 Bearing loads 5.5.3.3 Buckling check 5.6 Silt pressure on gates 5.7 Gate seismic loads 6 Embedded parts, guides and supports 6.1 Slots and niches 6.2 Wheel track 6.2.1 Beam on an elastic foundation 6.2.2 Dimensioning by the Andree-Fricke theory 6.3 Slide tracks 6.4 Concrete bearing pressure 6.5 Lateral guidance 6.6 Wheels and pins 6.6.1 Design features 6.6.2 Contact pressure between wheel and track 6.6.3 Permissible contact stresses 16.6.4 Surface hardness 6.7 Gate hinges and bearings 6.7.1 Types of bearings 6.7.2 Cylindrical bushings 6.7.3 Spherical plain bearing 6.7.4 Roller bearings 7 Estimating gate weights 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Segment gates 7.3 Fixed-wheel gates 7.4 Double-leaf fixed-wheel gates 7.5 Stoplogs 7.6 Flap gates 7.7 Caterpillar gates 7.8 Embedded parts 8 Hydrodynamic forces 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Model tests 8.3 Factors influencing downpull 8.4 Formulae for the prediction of downpull 8.5 Method of Knapp 9 Gate operating forces 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Gate weight 9.3 Friction on supports and hinges 9.4 Seal deflection 9.5 Seal friction 10 Aeration 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Air vents – functions and features 10.3 Air vents – empirical calculation 10.4 Air-demand ratio 10.5 Air vent dimensioning 11 Gate hoists11.1 Introduction 11.2 Screw lifts 11.3 Wire ropes 11.4 Roller chains 11.5 Oil hydraulic drives 11.6 Gate hoist arrangement 11.7 Hand operation 11.8 Design criteria 11.8.1 Load capacity 11.8.2 Operating speed 11.8.3 Safety factors 11.9 Gate position measurement 12 Materials 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Heat treatment 12.3 Rolled steels 12.4 Steels for machine elements 12.5 Stainless steels 12.6 Cast steels 12.7 Forged steels 12.8 Gray cast irons 12.9 Bronzes 12.10 Bolts 13 Gate seals 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Wood seals 13.3 Metallic seals 13.4 Rubber seals 13.5 Material for rubber seals 13.6 Clad seals 13.7 Rubber seal hardness 13.8 Rubber specifications 13.9 Seal leakage 13.10 Manufacture and assembly of seals 13.11 High-head segment gates – design considerations 13.12 Double-sealing gates 14 Manufacture, transportation and erection 14.1 Manufacture 14.1.1 Manufacturing steps 14.1.2 Full-size layout drawings 14.1.3 Storing of raw material 14.1.4 Marking 14.1.5 Cutting 14.1.6 Curving 14.1.7 Structure welding 14.1.8 Finishing 14.1.9 Pre-assembly 14.1.10 Machining 14.1.11 Mechanical fit-up 14.1.12 Anticorrosive protection 14.1.13 Inspection 14.1.14 Manufacturing tolerances 14.2 Transportation 14.3 Field erection 14.3.1 Erection instructions 14.3.2 Erection of embedded parts 14.3.3 Erection tolerances of embedded parts 14.3.4 Gate assembly 14.4 Acceptance tests 15 Trends and innovation in gate design 15.1 Long-span gates 15.2 High-head gates 15.3 Refurbishment and modernization of gates and dams 15.3.1 Heightening of existing gates 15.3.2 Installation of new gates on the top of the dam 16 Intake gates 16.1 Intake gates and accessories 16.2 Types of emergency gates 16.3 Gate hoists 16.3.1 Types of hoists 16.3.2 Hydraulic hoists 16.3.3 Cable hoists 16.3.4 Gantry cranes 16.4 Filling the penstock 16.5 Aeration 16.6 Guard gates for Kaplan turbines 16.7 Guard gates for bulb turbines 16.8 Draft tube stoplogs for bulb and Kaplan turbines 17 Intake trashracks 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Rack bar spacing 17.3 Design considerations 17.4 Flow velocity 17.5 Head loss 17.6 Flow-induced vibrations 17.7 Rack-cleaning machines 17.8 Safe design criteria for trashracks Name index Subject index

Brazilian engineer Paulo Erbisti graduated in mechanical engineering and has amassed considerable experience working on numerous hydromechanical projects, contributing greatly to hydropower/dam engineering over the last few decades in South America, Africa and Asia. He has worked on many important projects including Itaipu, Belo Monte, Tucurui, Gotvand, Tarbela, Capanda, Guri and Tocoma. Erbisti is a visiting professor on the topic of hydraulic gate design for the post-graduate course of hydraulic engineering at the University of Paraná, Brazil. He is a member of the consulting board of the International Journal on Hydropower and Dams, UK. In 2011, he was elected by International Water Power & Dam Construction magazine as one of twenty people believed to have made the biggest difference to the sector over the last decade.