Water Resources and Control Processes Volume 4

The past few years have seen the emergence of a growing, widespread desire in this country, and indeed everywhere, that positive actions be taken to restore the quality of our environment, and to protect it from the degrading effects of all forms of pollution-air, noise, solid waste, and water. Since pollution is a direct or indirect consequence of waste, if there is no waste, there can be no pollution, and the seemingly idealistic demand for "zero discharge" can be construed as a demand for zero waste. However, as long as there is waste, we can only attempt to abate the consequent pollution by converting it to a less noxious form. In those instances in which a particular type of pollution has been recognized, three major questions usually arise: (1) How serious is the pollution? (2) Is the technology to abate it available? and (3) Do the costs of abatement justify the degree of abatement achieved? The principal intention of this series of books on environmental engineering is to help the reader formu­ late useful answers to the second and third of these questions, i. e. , to outline the best currently available engineering solutions, and to examine their costs in the light of the real level of benefits afforded.

1 Surface Water Quality Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Mathematical Simulation of the Surface Water System.- III. Oxygen Consumption and Replenishment in Receiving Waters.- IV. Coliform Bacteria Die-Off.- V. Modeling Application in Surface Water Quality.- 2 Water Quality Control of Tidal Rivers and Estuaries.- I. Introduction.- II. Water Quality Parameters.- III. Basic Mathematical Models.- IV. Working Models.- V. Practical Examples.- 3 Cooling of Thermal Discharges.- I. Introduction.- II. Cooling Ponds.- III. Cooling Towers.- 4 Control of Reservoirs and Lakes.- I. Introduction.- II. Special Features of Water.- III. Hydrology.- IV. Evaporation.- V. Transpiration.- VI. Evapotranspiration.- VII. Infiltration and Percolation.- VIII. Runoff.- IX. Groundwater.- X. Impact of Pollution on Lakes.- XI. Thermal Impacts on the Aquatic Environment.- XII. Toxics in Water Resources.- XIII. Goals of Water Pollution Control.- 5 Deep-Well Disposal.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Well Designs.- III. Evaluation of a Proposed Injection Well Site.- IV. Potential Hazards—Ways to Prevent, Detect, and Correct Them.- V. Economic Evaluation of a Proposed Injection Well System.- VI. Use of Injection Wells in Wastewater Management.- VII. Protection of Usable Aquifers.- VIII. Nomenclature.- IX. Practical Examples.- 6 Chemical Control of Pests and Vectors.- I. Introduction.- II. Pests and Poisons.- III. Control of Organisms Pathogenic to Humans.- IV. Chemical Control of Vector Organisms.- V. Chemical Control of Organisms Destructive or Pathogenic to Plants.- VI. Chemical Control of Nuisance Organisms.- VII. Pollution from Chemical Poisons.- VIII. Alternatives to Chemical Poisoning.- 7 Management of Radioactive Wastes.- I. Introduction.- II. Sources of Radioactive Wastes.- III. TransportMechanisms.- IV. Waste Management.- V. Surveillance.- VI. Protection.- VII. Costs.- VIII. Anticipated Future Problems.- IX. Summary.- 8 Drying and Evaporation Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. Natural Dewatering.- III. Thermal Drying.- IV. Evaporation.- V. Theory of Drying.- VI. Theory of Evaporation.- 9 Dredging Operations and Waste Disposal.- I. Introduction.- II. Type of Dredges.- III. Sources of Pollution from Dredging Operations.- IV. Dredge Disposal and Environmental Enhancement Alternatives.- V. Dredge Transport Alternatives.- VI. Dredge Containment Alternatives.- VII. Dredge Treatment Alternatives.- VIII. Quality Criteria of Treated Sediment and Water.- IX. Economic Aspects of Dredging Treatment.- X. Conclusions and Summary.- XI. Practical Examples.- References.