Vegetarian Nutrition and Wellness

A large amount of research effort goes into assessing the health benefits of a plant-based diet, resulting from human desire to consume a more sustainable diet that is less destructive of the earth’s natural resources. In addition, a growing number of people are choosing the vegan or total vegetarian diet because of the potential to greatly reduce the risk of chronic diseases and mortality rates. Although this interest in plant-based eating is popular, there exist concerns on the safety of some vegetarian diets, especially a vegan diet. This book describes issues of the vegetarian diet and outlines ways to prevent nutrient deficiencies. Vegetarian Nutrition and Wellness focuses on synthesizing research around vegetarian diets and human health. A major section of the book deals with how a vegetarian diet protects population groups from the major chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, and various cancers. Based upon ecological and clinical studies, chapter authors explain the health-promoting properties of plant-based diets, and compare/contrast health outcomes obtained from consuming omnivorous diets with a vegetarian or vegan diet. Fruits and vegetables figure prominently in vegetarian diets and provide a substantial effect in disease reduction and health-promoting properties of a plant-based diet. Vegetarian Nutrition and Wellness is written for the academic community, registered dietitians, health professionals, and graduate students in nutrition and public health. Each chapter provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature and includes a concise summary at the beginning of each chapter. The time is ripe for this book to update the scientific community with a collage of well-documented topics on vegetarian nutrition.

Introduction vii Editor ix Contributors xi Chapter 1 Vegetarian Diets: Trends in Acceptance and Perception. What Do the Dietary Guidelines Suggest? 1 Reed Mangels Section I Environmental Issues Chapter 2 Impact of Vegetarian Diets on the Environment 13 Dora Marinova and Talia Raphaely Chapter 3 The Sustainability of Vegetarian Diets 25 Joan Sabaté and Tony Jehi Section II Prevention of Chronic Diseases Chapter 4 Vegetarian Diet and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease 45 Ella H. Haddad Chapter 5 Risk of Cancer in Vegetarians 71 Michael J. Orlich and Renae M. Thomas Chapter 6 Plant-Based Diets and Risk of Osteoporosis 93 Kelly Virecoulon Giudici and Connie M. Weaver Chapter 7 The Role of Vegetarian Diets in Weight Management 113 Celine E. Heskey Section III Plant Proteins Chapter 8 Soy and Human Health: Benefits and Controversies 173 Alison M. Duncan Chapter 9 The Role of Legumes in Maintaining Health 191 Peter Pribis Section IV Nutrient Profiles Chapter 10 Critical Nutrients in a Plant-Based Diet 213 Winston J. Craig and Angela V. Saunders Section V Vegetarian Issues in Ethnic Groups Chapter 11 Vegetarian Practices among Asian Indians and Their Risk of Disease 233 Sudha Raj Section VI Vegetarian Diets for Special Groups Chapter 12 Vegetarian Diets for Pregnancy, Lactation, Infancy, and Early Childhood 259 Reed Mangels Chapter 13 Nutritionally Adequate Vegetarian Diets and Athletic Performance 279 D. Enette Larson-Meyer Chapter 14 Optimizing Performance on a Vegetarian Diet 303 D. Enette Larson-Meyer Index 321

Winston J Craig is Professor Emeritus of Nutrition at Andrews University in Berrien Springs, Michigan, and Adjunct Professor of Nutrition, School of Public Health at Loma Linda University, California. Dr Craig was Chair of Department of Nutrition and Wellness for 20 years and taught nutrition for 27 years at Andrews University and 5 years at Loma Linda University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia and a Master of Public Health degree in nutrition from Loma Linda University, California. He currently holds membership in the American Society for Nutrition and held membership in Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics for 30 years. Dr Craig has authored over 300 articles for health publications, 7 chapters for various nutrition books, and 30 research articles for scholarly journals. Books he has authored include Nutrition and Wellness: A Vegetarian Way to Better Health; The Use and Safety of Common Herbs and Herbal Teas; Flavonoids, Food and Your Future; Herbs for Your Health: A Guide to the Therapeutic Use of 45 Commonly Used Herbs; Super Alimentos; Optimum Health; Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle; and Eating for Good Health. In 2009 and 2016, he co-authored the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Position Paper on Vegetarian Diets. His research interests include the health-promoting properties of phytochemicals, the role of a plant-based diet in preventing chronic diseases, and the disease-preventing properties of spices and herbs. His hobbies include hiking, camping, birding and wildlife photography.