Trends in Contrast Media

The use 0\ contrast media within diagnostic radiology has been firmly established for many years now. Radiologic contrast media render immense services in daily clinical practice to innumerable patients all over the world. When the new cross­ sectional modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance ima­ ging were introduced into clinical practice it rapidly became evident that the judi­ cious use of contrast media allows the optimal exploitation of the great diagnostic potential of these revolutionary methods. More recently, efforts to create specific contrast media for ultrasound imaging have been successful, and the first benefi­ cial results of their application in daily practice are now evident. The aim of this book is to bring together the results of the tremendous research that has been performed during recent years in order to develop specific contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography and also to develop safer contrast media for the classical radiologic techniques as well as computed tomography. Moreover, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the indica­ tions for and applications of these new contrast media in clinical radiology. Finally, risks, side-effects, and complications which may occur with the use of these drugs are covered appropriately. The three editors are leading and well-known experts in their specific field. They have been very successful in ensuring the collaboration of so many intern~tionally known specialists to cover the different topics dealt with in this book.

I Iodinated Contrast Media.- 1 History of Iodinated Contrast Media.- 2 Design of X-ray Contrast Agents.- 3 Biological Variation, Reproducibility, and Predictability of Experimental Research in Animals.- 4 Experimental Testing of Iodinated Contrast Media Before Human Testing.- 5 Phase I, II, III, and IV Studies: Good Clinical Practice.- 6 Currently Available Iodinated Contrast Media.- 7 Clinical Doses of Contrast Media.- 8 Determination of Glomerular Filtration Rate with Contrast Media.- 9 Neurotoxicity.- 10 Nephrotoxicity.- 11 Adverse Reactions to Iodinated Radiographic Contrast Media.- 12 Treatment of Adverse Reactions.- 13 Hepatic Agents.- 14 Lymphatic Agents.- II Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media.- 15 Chemical Synthesis of Paramagnetic Complexes.- 16 Preparation and Structure-Activity Relationships of Particulate Magnetic Agents.- 17 Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents of Increased Specificity.- 18 Central Nervous System.- 19 Liver and Pancreas.- 20 Heart.- 21 Kidneys and Adrenal Glands.- 22 The Musculoskeletal System.- 23 Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Angiography.- 24 Dynamic Contrast-Enchanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Image Processing.- III Ultrasound Contrast Media.- 25 Ultrasound Contrast Media: Past, Present, and Future.- 26 Interaction of Ultrasound and Contrast Agents.- 27 Contrast-Specific Instrumentation and Its Potential Applications.- 28 Bubble Destruction.- 29 Potential for Quantification.- 30 The Vascular Space.- 31 Tumor Imaging with Ultrasound Contrast.- 32 Tissue Perfusion and Enhancement on Gray-scale.- 33 Cardiac Applications.- 34 Targeting and Delivery of Drugs with Ultrasound Contrast Agents.- 35 Can the Presence of Contrast Media Promote Ultrasound Bioeffects?.- IV Radiopharmaceuticals (Nuclear Medicine).- 36 Imaging Techniques and Existing Agents.- 37 New and Future Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals.- List of Contributors.