Translating Cultures An Introduction for Translators, Interpreters and Mediators

As the 21st century gets into stride so does the call for a discipline combining culture and translation. This second edition of Translating Cultures retains its original aim of putting some rigour and coherence into these fashionable words and lays the foundation for such a discipline. This edition has not only been thoroughly revised, but it has also been expanded. In particular, a new chapter has been added which focuses specifically on training translators for translational and intercultural competencies. The core of the book provides a model for teaching culture to translators, interpreters and other mediators. It introduces the reader to current understanding about culture and aims to raise awareness of the fundamental role of culture in constructing, perceiving and translating reality. Culture is perceived throughout as a system for orienting experience, and a basic presupposition is that the organization of experience is not 'reality', but rather a simplified model and a 'distortion' which varies from culture to culture. Each culture acts as a frame within which external signs or 'reality' are interpreted. The approach is interdisciplinary, taking ideas from contemporary translation theory, anthropology, Bateson's logical typing and metamessage theories, Bandler and Grinder's NLP meta-model theory, and Hallidayan functional grammar. Authentic texts and translations are offered to illustrate the various strategies that a cultural mediator can adopt in order to make the different cultural frames he or she is mediating between more explicit.

Introduction Part 1: Framing Culture: the Culture-Bound Mental Map of the World Chapter 1: The Cultural Mediator 1.1 The Influence of Culture 1.2 The Cultural Interpreter/Mediator 1.3 The Translator and Interpreter Chapter 2: Defining, Modelling and Teaching Culture 2.1 On Defining Culture 2.2 Approaches to the Study of Culture 2.3 McDonaldization or Local Globalization? 2.4 Models of culture Chapter 3: Frames and Levels 3.1 Frames 3.2 Logical Levels 3.3 Culture and Behaviour Chapter 4: Logical Levels and Culture 4.1 Environment 4.2 Behaviour 4.3 Capabilities/Strategies/Skills 4.4 Values 4.5 Beliefs 4.6 Identity 4.7 Imprinting 4.8 The Model as a System Chapter 5: Language and Culture 5.1 Context of Situation and Culture 5.2 The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 5.3 Lexis 5.4 The Language System Chapter 6: Perception and Meta-Model 6.1 The Filters 6.2 Expectations and Mental Images 6.3 The Meta-Model 6.4 Generalization 6.5 Deletion 6.6 Distortion 6.7 Example Text Part 2 Shifting Frames: Translation and Mediation in Theory and in Practice Chapter 7: Translation/Mediation 7.1 The Translation Process 7.2 The Meta-Model and Translation 7.3 Generalization 7.4 Deletion 7.5 Distortion Chapter 8: Chunking 8.1 Local Translating 8.2 Chunking 8.3 Global Translation and Mediation Part 3 The Array of Frames: Communication Orientations Chapter 9: Cultural Orientations 9.1 Cultural Myths 9.2 Cultural Orientations 9.3 A Taxonomy of Orientations Chapter 10: Contexting 10.1 High and Low Context 10.2 English - the Language of Strangers 10.3 Contexting and the Brain Chapter 11: Transactional Communication 11.1 Transactional and Interactional Communication 11.2 Medium 11.3 Author/Addressee Orientation 11.4 Formal/Informal Communication 11.5 Example Texts Chapter 12: Interactional Communication 12.1 Expressive/Instrumental Communication 12.2 Direct and Indirect Communication 12.3 The Action Orientation 12.4 Conclusion Part 4 Intercultural Competence: On Becoming a Cultural Interpreter and Mediator Chapter 13: On Becoming a Mediator 13.1 The Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (DMIS) 13.2 The Six Stages 13.3 The Translator Student