Transfrontier Conservation Areas People Living on the Edge

The introduction of transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) in southern Africa was based on an enchanting promise: simultaneously contributing to global biodiversity conservation initiatives, regional peace and integration, and the sustainable socio-economic development of rural communities. Cross-border collaboration and eco-tourism became seen as the vehicles of this promise, which would enhance regional peace and stability along the way. However, as these highly political projects take shape, conservation and development policymaking progressively shifts from the national to regional and global arenas, and the peoples most affected by TFCA formation tend to disappear from view. This book focuses on the forgotten people displaced by, or living on the edge of, protected wildlife areas. It moves beyond the grand 'enchanting promise' of conservation and development across frontiers, and unfounded notions of TFCAs as integrated social-ecological systems. Peoples' dependency on natural resources – the specific combination of crop cultivation, livestock keeping and natural resource harvesting activities – varies enormously along the conservation frontier, as does their reliance on resources on the other side of the conservation boundary. Hence, the studies in this book move from the dream of eco-tourism-fuelled development supporting nature conservation and people towards the local realities facing marginalized people, living adjacent to protected areas in environments often poorly suited to agriculture.

Foreword. Professor Marshall W. Murphree. 1. People at Wildlife Frontiers in Southern Africa 2. TFCAs and the Invisible Peoples 3. Defining the Edge: Boundary Formation and TFCAs in Southern Africa 4. Population and Livelihoods on the Edge 5. Ethnic Heterogeneity and its Implications for Natural Resources Management on the Edge 6. On the Edge of State and Economy 7. Resource Gradients and Movements Across the Edge of Transfrontier Parks 8. Consequences of Animals Crossing the Edges of Transfrontier Parks 9. Land and Natural Resource-Based Livelihood Opportunities in Transfrontier Conservation Areas 10. Whither TFCAs and People on the Edge in Southern Africa? Index

Editors Jens A. Andersson is a rural development sociologist who has worked on smallholder farming and migration in Southern Africa. He coordinates the 'Competing Claims on Natural Resources' programme, a collaboration between Wageningen University and several universities in Southern Africa. Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky is an ecologist and a veterinarian who has worked on livestock-wildlife interactions in Southern Africa. He coordinates the collaborative research platform 'Production and Conservation in Partnership'. David H.M. Cumming is an ecologist who has been working in conservation in Southern Africa since the early 1960s. He is presently an Honorary Professor at the University of Cape Town, a Research Associate at the University of Zimbabwe, a freelance consultant, and advisor to the AHEAD-GLTFCA initiative. Vupenyu Dzingirai is a social anthropologist based at the Centre for Applied Social Sciences at theUniversity of Zimbabwe. He has worked intensively in the Zambezi Valley among indigenous communities threatened by development activities. Ken E. Giller is an agro-ecologist who works principally on sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. He is leader of the 'Competing Claims on Natural Resources' programme. Contributors Frederic Baudron, Alexandre Caron, Petronella Chaminuka, Chaka Chirozva, Hervé Fritz, Chloé Guerbois, Eleonore Hellard, Ferran Jori, Billy Mukamuri, Collen Matema, Steven Matema, Jessica Milgroom, Marshall W. Murphree, Chrispen Murungweni, Amon Murwira, Tendai Nzuma, Davies M. Pfukenyi, Xavier Poshiwa, Wayne Twine and Fadzai Zengeya.