Transformer Engineering Design, Technology, and Diagnostics, Second Edition

Transformer Engineering: Design, Technology, and Diagnostics, Second Edition helps you design better transformers, apply advanced numerical field computations more effectively, and tackle operational and maintenance issues. Building on the bestselling Transformer Engineering: Design and Practice, this greatly expanded second edition also emphasizes diagnostic aspects and transformer-system interactions. What’s New in This Edition Three new chapters on electromagnetic fields in transformers, transformer-system interactions and modeling, and monitoring and diagnostics An extensively revised chapter on recent trends in transformer technology An extensively updated chapter on short-circuit strength, including failure mechanisms and safety factors A step-by-step procedure for designing a transformer Updates throughout, reflecting advances in the field A blend of theory and practice, this comprehensive book examines aspects of transformer engineering, from design to diagnostics. It thoroughly explains electromagnetic fields and the finite element method to help you solve practical problems related to transformers. Coverage includes important design challenges, such as eddy and stray loss evaluation and control, transient response, short-circuit withstand and strength, and insulation design. The authors also give pointers for further research. Students and engineers starting their careers will appreciate the sample design of a typical power transformer. Presenting in-depth explanations, modern computational techniques, and emerging trends, this is a valuable reference for those working in the transformer industry, as well as for students and researchers. It offers guidance in optimizing and enhancing transformer design, manufacturing, and condition monitoring to meet the challenges of a highly competitive market.

Transformer FundamentalsPerspectiveApplications and Types of TransformersPrinciples and the Equivalent CircuitRepresentation of a Transformer in Power SystemOpen-Circuit and Short-Circuit TestsVoltage Regulation and EfficiencyParallel Operation of TransformersReferencesMagnetic CharacteristicsConstructionHysteresis, Eddy, and Anomalous LossesExcitation CharacteristicsOver-Excitation PerformanceNo-Load Loss TestImpact of Manufacturing ProcessesInrush CurrentInfluence of the Core Construction and Winding Connections on No-Load Harmonic PhenomenonTransformer NoiseRotational Core LossesReferencesImpedance CharacteristicsReactance CalculationDifferent Approaches for Reactance CalculationAnalytical MethodsNumerical Method for Reactance CalculationImpedance Characteristics of Three-Winding TransformersReactance Calculation for Zigzag TransformersZero-Sequence ReactancesStabilizing Tertiary WindingReferencesEddy Currents and Winding Stray LossesField EquationsPoynting VectorEddy Current and Hysteresis LossesEffect of SaturationEddy Losses in Transformer WindingsCirculating Current Loss in Transformer WindingsReferencesStray Losses in Structural ComponentsFactors Influencing Stray LossesOverview of Methods for Stray Loss EstimationCore Edge LossStray Loss in FramesStray Loss in Flitch PlatesStray Loss in TankStray Loss in Bushing Mounting PlatesEvaluation of Stray Loss Due to High Current LeadsMeasures for Stray Loss ControlMethods for Experimental VerificationEstimation of Stray Losses in Overexcitation ConditionLoad Loss MeasurementReferencesShort-Circuit Stresses and StrengthShort-Circuit CurrentsThermal Capability During a Short-CircuitShort-Circuit ForcesDynamic Behavior under Short-CircuitsFailure Modes Due to Radial ForcesFailure Modes Due to Axial ForcesFailure Modes Due to Interactive (Combined Axial and Radial) ForcesEffect of PrestressShort-Circuit TestEffect of Inrush CurrentSplit-Winding TransformersShort-Circuit WithstandCalculation of Electrodynamic Force between Parallel ConductorsDesign of Clamping StructuresReferencesSurge Phenomena in TransformersInitial Voltage DistributionGround Capacitance CalculationsCapacitance of WindingsInductance CalculationStanding Waves and Traveling WavesMethods for Analysis of Impulse DistributionComputation of Impulse Voltage Distribution Using State Variable MethodWinding Design for Reducing Internal OvervoltagesReferencesInsulation DesignCalculation of Stresses for Simple ConfigurationsField ComputationsFactors Affecting Insulation StrengthTest Methods and Design Insulation Level (DIL)Insulation between Two WindingsInternal InsulationDesign of End InsulationHigh-Voltage Lead ClearancesStatistical Analysis for Optimization and Quality EnhancementReferencesCooling SystemsModes of Heat TransferCooling ArrangementsDissipation of Core HeatDissipation of Winding HeatAging and Life ExpectancyDirect Hot Spot MeasurementStatic Electrification PhenomenonRecent Trends in ComputationsReferencesStructural DesignImportance of Structural DesignDifferent Types of Loads and TestsClassification of Transformer TanksTank DesignMethods of AnalysisOverpressure Phenomenon in TransformersSeismic AnalysisTransformer Noise: Characteristics and ReductionTransport Vibrations and ShocksReferencesSpecial TransformersRectifier TransformersConverter Transformers for HVDCFurnace TransformersPhase Shifting TransformersReferencesElectromagnetic Fields in Transformers: Theory and Computations – New!PerspectiveBasics of Electromagnetic Fields Relevant to Transformer EngineeringPotential FormulationsFinite Element MethodFEM FormulationsCoupled Fields in TransformersComputation of Performance ParametersReferencesTransformer-System Interactions and Modeling – New!Power Flow Analysis with TransformersHarmonic StudiesFerroresonanceArc Furnace ApplicationGeomagnetic DisturbancesSympathetic Inrush PhenomenonInternal Resonances Due to System TransientsVery Fast Transient OvervoltagesTransients in Distribution TransformersLow,-Mid- and High-Frequency Models of TransformersReferencesMonitoring and Diagnostics – New!Conventional TestsDissolved Gas AnalysisPartial Discharge DiagnosticsDegree of Polymerization and Furan AnalysisTime Domain Dielectric Response MethodsFrequency Domain Dielectric Response MethodDetection of Winding DisplacementsAccessoriesOther Diagnostic Tests/InstrumentsLife Assessment and RefurbishmentReferencesRecent Trends in Transformer TechnologyMagnetic CircuitWindingsNew Insulating LiquidsAdvanced ComputationsTransformers for Renewable Energy ApplicationsApplications of Power ElectronicsOther TechnologiesTrends in Monitoring and DiagnosticsReferencesAppendix A: Sample Design – New!Appendix B: Vector Groups – New!Appendix C: Fault CalculationsAppendix D: Stress and Capacitance FormulaeIndex

S.V. Kulkarni is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. Previously, he worked at Crompton Greaves Limited and specialized in the design and development of transformers up to 400 kV class. He received the Young Engineer Award from the Indian National Academy of Engineering (INAE) for his contributions to electromagnetic field computations and high voltage insulation design in transformers. Professor Kulkarni has organized a number of training courses on the topics of transformers and computational electromagnetics for industry and academia in India. He has also delivered tutorials and keynote lectures in international conferences/workshops on transformers. He is a senior member of the IEEE. He is also a Fellow of INAE and an editor of IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery. S.A. Khaparde is a professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay. He received his Ph.D. in 1981 from the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. He is a member of the advisory committee to the Maharashtra Electricity Regulatory Commission (MERC), India and the Indian Energy Exchange. Professor Khaparde is a senior member of the IEEE and editor of the International Journal of Emerging Electrical Power Systems. He is also a consultant to MERC, the Indian Energy Exchange, and Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd, etc. He is a BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) LITD-10 Committee Member and Chair of the Working Group on Common Information Model (CIM). He is member of IEC TC57 for working groups 13 and 16 representing India.