Transformation Geometry An Introduction to Symmetry

Transformation geometry is a relatively recent expression of the successful venture of bringing together geometry and algebra. The name describes an approach as much as the content. Our subject is Euclidean geometry. Essential to the study of the plane or any mathematical system is an under­ standing of the transformations on that system that preserve designated features of the system. Our study of the automorphisms of the plane and of space is based on only the most elementary high-school geometry. In particular, group theory is not a prerequisite here. On the contrary, this modern approach to Euclidean geometry gives the concrete examples that are necessary to appreciate an introduction to group theory. Therefore, a course based on this text is an excellent prerequisite to the standard course in abstract algebra taken by every undergraduate mathematics major. An advantage of having nb college mathematics prerequisite to our study is that the text is then useful for graduate mathematics courses designed for secondary teachers. Many of the students in these classes either have never taken linear algebra or else have taken it too long ago to recall even the basic ideas. It turns out that very little is lost here by not assuming linear algebra. A preliminary version of the text was written for and used in two courses-one was a graduate course for teachers and the other a sophomore course designed for the prospective teacher and the general mathematics major taking one course in geometry.

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Transformations and Collineations.- 1.2 Geometric Notation.- 1.3 Exercises.- 2 Properties of Transformations.- 2.1 Groups of Transformations.- 2.2 Involutions.- 2.3 Exercises.- 3 Translations and Halfturns.- 3.1 Translations.- 3.2 Halfturns.- 3.3 Exercises.- 4 Reflections.- 4.1 Equations for a Reflection.- 4.2 Properties of a Reflection.- 4.3 Exercises.- 5 Congruence.- 5.1 Isometries as Products of Reflections.- 5.2 Paper Folding Experiments and Rotations.- 5.3 Exercises.- 6 The Product of Two Reflections.- 6.1 Translations and Rotations.- 6.2 Fixed Points and Involutions.- 6.3 Exercises.- 7 Even Isometries.- 7.1 Parity.- 7.2 The Dihedral Groups.- 7.3 Exercises.- 8 Classification of Plane Isometries.- 8.1 Glide Reflections.- 8.2 Leonardo’s Theorem.- 8.3 Exercises.- 9 Equations for Isometries.- 9.1 Equations.- 9.2 Supplementary Exercises (Chapter 1–8).- 9.3 Exercises.- 10 The Seven Frieze Groups.- 10.1 Frieze Groups.- 10.2 Frieze Patterns.- 10.3 Exercises.- 11 The Seventeen Wallpaper Groups.- 11.1 The Crystallographic Restriction.- 11.2 Wallpaper Groups and Patterns.- 11.3 Exercises.- 12 Tessellations.- 12.1 Tiles.- 12.2 Reptiles.- 12.3 Exercises.- 13 Similarities on the Plane.- 13.1 Classification of Similarities.- 13.2 Equations for Similarities.- 13.3 Exercises.- 14 Classical Theorems.- 14.1 Menelaus, Ceva, Desargues, Pappus, Pascal.- 14.2 Euler, Brianchon, Poncelet, Feuerbach.- 14.3 Exercises.- 15 Affine Transformations.- 15.1 Collineations.- 15.2 Linear Transformations.- 15.3 Exercises.- 16 Transformations on Three-space.- 16.1 Isometries on Space.- 16.2 Similarities on Space.- 16.3 Exercises.- 17 Space and Symmetry.- 17.1 The Platonic Solids.- 17.2 Finite Symmetry Groups on Space.- 17.3 Exercises.- Hints and Answers.- Notation Index.