The Still Small Voice Psychoanalytic Reflections on Guilt and Conscience

Whereas Freud himself viewed conscience as one of the functions of the superego, in The Still Small Voice: Psychoanalytic Reflections on Guilt and Conscience, the author argues that superego and conscience are distinct mental functions and that, therefore, a fourth mental structure, the conscience, needs to be added to the psychoanalytic structural theory of the mind. He claims that while both conscience and superego originate in the so-called pre-oedipal phase of infant and child development they are comprised of contrasting and often conflicting identifications. The primary object, still most often the mother, is inevitably experienced as, on the one hand, nurturing and soothing and, on the other, as frustrating and persecuting. Conscience is formed in identification with the nurturer; the superego in identification with the aggressor. There is a principle of reciprocity at work in the human psyche: for love received one seeks to return love; for hate, hate (the talion law).

Foreword , Preface , The moral ambiguity of psychoanalysis , Clinical Realm , On the nature and varieties of guilt , Conscience vs. superego and the bestialising of the id , Self-punishment as guilt evasion , Less recognised manifestations of guilt: the old and new hysterias , Harry Guntrip: a fugitive from guilt? , Two case studies , Cultural Realm , Modernity and its discontents , Psychopathy, evil, and the death drive , Resurrecting “dead” metaphors in psychoanalysis and religion , Dead end kids: projective identification and sacrifice in Orphans , Summary

Donald L Carveth