The Routledge Handbook of Indian Defence Policy Themes, Structures and Doctrines

The Routledge Handbook of Indian Defence Policy brings together the most eminent scholarship in South Asia on India’s defence policy and contemporary military history. It maps India’s political and military profile in South Asia and the Indian Ocean region, and analyses its emergence as a global player. This edition of the handbook: Canvasses over 60 years of Indian defence policy, its relation to India’s rising global economic profile, as well as foreign policy shifts; Discusses several key debates that have shaped defence strategies through the years: military doctrine and policy, internal and external security challenges, terrorism and insurgencies; Explores the origins of the modern armed forces in India; evolution of the army, navy and air forces; investments in professional military education, intelligence and net-centric warfare, reforms in paramilitary forces and the Indian police; Comments on India’s contemporary strategic interests, focusing on the rise of China, nuclearisation of India and Pakistan’s security establishments, and developments in space security and missile defence. Taking stock of India’s defence planning architecture over the past decade, this accessibly written handbook will be an indispensable resource for scholars and researchers of security and defence studies, international relations and political science, as well as for government thinktanks and policymakers.

Introduction Harsh V. Pant Section 1: Soldier, State and Society in India The Indian Army: 1700s-1947 Daniel Marston Indian Civil-Military Relations: An Overview Ayesha Ray Indian Society and the Soldier: Will the Twain Ever Meet? Kaushik Roy Section 2: Military and Foreign Policy India and the Changing Nature of War: Gradual Incrementalism? Yogesh Joshi and Harsh V. Pant Military as an instrument of India’s foreign policy: An Expanding Footprint Sushant K. Singh India’s Erratic Defence Diplomacy: In Need of a Booster Dose Nitin A. Gokhale India’s Counter Terror Diplomacy: Strategy and Outcome Vinay Kaura Section 3: The Services The Indian Army: Evolution in the Age of Nuclear Weapons and Terrorism Sunil Dasgupta Evolution of the Indian Navy: Towards a ‘Maritime Awakening’? Arun Prakash Indian Air Force: Persuasive in Peace, Effective in War Vinod Patney Evolution of Jointness in Indian Defence Forces: Stuck Between the Services Vinod Anand Section 4: Doctrines Indian Army’s flagship doctrines: Need for Strategic Guidance Ali Ahmed The Indian Navy’s Doctrinal Evolution: Between Deterrence and Denial Manjeet S. Pardesi Doctrinal Evolution in the Indian Air Force: Towards a Strategic Future Arjun Subramaniam Section 5: Defence Versus Development Changing Contours of Indian Defence Expenditure: Past as Prologue? Laxman Kumar Behera Defence Procurement in India: Challenges Abound Amit Cowshish Section 6: Internal Security Islamist Terrorism in India: A Hybrid Threat Stephen Tankel Bullet Holes in Village Walls: India's Naxalite Challenge Ajai Sahni Insurgencies in India's Northeast: Rise, Fall and the Rise? Bibhu Prasad Routray Section 7: Institutional Infrastructure The Evolution in India’s National Security Apparatus: Persisting Structural Deficiencies Frank O’ Donnell and Harsh V. Pant The Indian Intelligence System: Meeting the Challenges of a New World Vikram Sood The Indian Police: Need for Reinvention R.N. Ravi Para Military Forces and Central Armed Police Forces of India: Punching Below Their Capabilities Narender Kumar Professional Military Education in India: Towards a New Architecture Kapil Patil Section 8: Nuclear Weapons and Space Nuclear Weapons in India’s Defence Policy: Achieving Conventional-Nuclear Synergy Verghese Koithara Space Security and Missile Defence: Towards Greater Pragmatism Rajeswari P. Rajagopalan India’s Cyber Defence Capabilities: Their Role in Net-Centric Warfare Kartik Bommakanti Index

Harsh V. Pant is Professor of International Relations in the Defence Studies Department and the India Institute at King’s College London, UK. He is Director of Research and Head of Strategic Studies Programme at Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi, India. He is also an adjunct fellow with the Wadhwani Chair in US–India Policy Studies at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC. His current research is focused on Asian security issues. His most recent books include China Ascendant: Its Rise and Implications (2019), India’s Evolving National Security Agenda: Modi and Beyond (2019), Indian Foreign Policy: The Modi Era (2019), New Directions in India’s Foreign Policy: Theory and Praxis (2018) and India’s Nuclear Policy (2018). Pant writes regularly for various media outlets, including The Japan Times, The Wall Street Journal, The National (UAE) and The Telegraph.