The Chiari Malformations

Part I: History and Classifications.- 1. A History of the Chiari Malformations.- 2. Defining the Chiari Malformations: Past and Newer Classifications.- 3. Newer Subsets: Chiari 1.5 and Chiari 0 Malformations.- Part II: Embryology and Anatomy.- 4. Embryology of the Craniocervical Junction and Posterior Cranial Fossa.- 5. Embryology and Pathophysiology of the Chiari I and II Malformations.- 6. The Occipital Bone: Review of its Embryology and Molecular Development.- 7. The Proatlas.- 8. Development of the Atlas and its Variations.- 9. The Odontoid Process.- 10. Surgical Anatomy of the Craniocervical Junction Relevant to Chiari Malformations.-Part III: Pathology.- 11. Pathology of Chiari I and II Malformations.- 12. Research on the Pathophysiology of Chiari I-Related Symptoms and Syringomyelia, with Emphasis on Dynamic MRI Techniques.- 13. The Chiari Malformations and Hydrocephalus.- 14. Cerebellar Tonsillar Ischemia and Cysts in the Chiari I Malformation.- 15. Syringomyelia and the ChiariMalformations.- 16. Non-Hindbrain-Related Syringomyelia.- 17. Chiari and Scoliosis.- 18. Associated Bony Malformations and Instability in the Chiari I Malformation.-19. Ventral Decompression for Chiari Malformations.- 20. Chiari I Malformation and Craniosynostosis.- Part IV: Epidemiology, Natural History, and Genetics.-  21. Epidemiology of Chiari I Malformation.- 22. Natural History of Chiari Malformations.- 23. Genetics of the Chiari I and II Malformations.- Part V: Diagnostics.- 24. Electrophysiological Diagnostics in Chiari Malformation.- 25. Radiology.- 26. Measurement of the Volume of the Posterior Cranial Fossa using MRI.- 27. Intraoperative Ultrasound in Chiari Type I Malformation.- 28. Advanced Imaging of Chiari I Malformations .- Part VI: Clinical Presentations.- 29. Clinical Presentation of Pediatric Chiari I Malformations.-  30. Benign Chiari I Malformation.- 31. Unusual Presentations of the Chiari I Malformation.- 32. Clinical Presentation Adult Chiari I.- 33. Acute and Sudden Presentations of the Chiari Malformations.- 34. Associated Disorders of Chiari Type I Malformations.- 35. Association Between Fibromyalgia, Chronic Fatigue, and the Chiari I Malformation.- 36. Symptoms of the Chiari II Malformation.- Part VII: Treatment, Outcomes, and Complications.- 37. Treatment of the Pediatric Chiari I Malformation.- 38. Treatment of the Adult Chiari I Malformation.- 39. Treatment of the Chiari II Malformation.- 40. Chiari Type II Malformation: Reversibility Following Myelomeningocele Closure.-41. Duraplasty Versus Non-dural Opening for the Treatment of Pediatric Chiari Malformation Type I.-42. Chiari Decompression Outcomes Using Ligamentum Nuchae Harvest and Duraplasty in Pediatric Patients with Chiari I Malformation.- 43. Complications of Chiari Surgery.-  44. Secondary Interventions for Chiari I Malformation.- 45. Outcomes for the Surgical Management of Chiari I and Chiari II Malformations.- Part VIII: Miscellaneous.-  46. Chiari-Like Malformation in Dogs.- 47. Experimental Models of Chiari Malformations.- 48.  Predictive Analysis in Chiari Type I Malformation.- 49.- Treatment Costs of Chiari Type I Malformation.- 50. A Multidisciplinary Clinic for the Management of Chiari I Malformations.- 51. Chiari Malformations: a Patient’s Guide.- Part IX: Conclusions.- 52. Conclusions.