Synchronous Generators

Synchronous Generators, the first of two volumes in the Electric Generators Handbook, offers a thorough introduction to electrical energy and electricity generation, including the basic principles of electric generators. The book devotes a chapter to the most representative prime mover models for transients used in active control of various generators. Then, individual chapters explore large- and medium-power synchronous generator topologies, steady state, modeling, transients, control, design, and testing. Numerous case studies, worked-out examples, sample results, and illustrations highlight the concepts. Fully revised and updated to reflect the last decade’s worth of progress in the field, this Second Edition adds new sections that: Discuss high-power wind generators with fewer or no permanent magnets (PMs) Cover PM-assisted DC-excited salient pole synchronous generators Present multiphase synchronous machine inductances via the winding function method Consider the control of autonomous synchronous generators Examine additional optimization design issues Illustrate the optimal design of a large wind generator by the Hooke–Jeeves method Detail the magnetic equivalent circuit population-based optimal design of synchronous generators Address online identification of synchronous generator parameters Explain the small-signal injection online technique Explore line switching (on or off) parameter identification for isolated grids Describe synthetic back-to-back load testing with inverter supply The promise of renewable, sustainable energy rests on our ability to design innovative power systems that are able to harness energy from a variety of sources. Synchronous Generators, Second Edition supplies state-of-the-art tools necessary to design, validate, and deploy the right power generation technologies to fulfill tomorrow's complex energy needs.

Electric Energy and Electric GeneratorsIntroductionMajor Energy SourcesLimitations of Electric Power GenerationElectric Power GenerationFrom Electric Generators to Electric LoadsSummaryReferences Principles of Electric GeneratorsThree Types of Electric GeneratorsSynchronous GeneratorsPermanent Magnet Synchronous GeneratorsHomopolar Synchronous GeneratorInduction GeneratorWound-Rotor Doubly Fed Induction GeneratorParametric GeneratorsElectric Generator ApplicationsHigh-Power Wind GeneratorsSummaryReferences Prime MoversIntroductionSteam TurbinesSteam Turbine ModelingSpeed Governors for Steam TurbinesGas TurbinesDiesel EnginesStirling EnginesHydraulic TurbinesWind TurbinesSummaryReferences Large- and Medium-Power Synchronous Generators: Topologies and Steady StateIntroductionConstruction ElementsExcitation Magnetic FieldTwo-Reaction Principle of Synchronous GeneratorsArmature Reaction Field and Synchronous ReactancesEquations for Steady State with Balanced LoadPhasor DiagramInclusion of Core Losses in the Steady-State ModelAutonomous Operation of Synchronous GeneratorsSG Operation at Power Grid (in Parallel)Unbalanced Load Steady-State OperationMeasuring Xd, Xq, Z-, Z0Phase-to-Phase Short CircuitSynchronous CondenserPM-Assisted DC-Excited Salient Pole Synchronous GeneratorsMultiphase Synchronous Machine Inductances via Winding Function MethodSummaryReferences Synchronous Generators: Modeling for TransientsIntroductionPhase-Variable Modeldq ModelPer Unit (P.U.) dq ModelSteady State via the dq ModelGeneral Equivalent CircuitsMagnetic Saturation Inclusion in the dq ModelOperational ParametersStandstill Time-Domain Response Provoked TransientsStandstill Frequency ResponseSimplified Models for Power System StudiesMechanical TransientsSmall Disturbance Electromechanical TransientsLarge Disturbance Transients ModelingFinite-Element SG ModelingSG Transient Modeling for Control DesignSummaryReferences Control of Synchronous Generators in Power SystemsIntroductionSpeed Governing BasicsTime Response of Speed GovernorsAutomatic Generation ControlTime Response of Speed (Frequency) and Power AngleVoltage and Reactive Power Control BasicsAutomatic Voltage Regulation ConceptExcitersExciter’s ModelingBasic AVRsUnderexcitation VoltagePower System StabilizersCoordinated AVR-PSS and Speed Governor ControlFACTS-Added Control of SGSubsynchronous OscillationsSubsynchronous ResonanceNote on Autonomous Synchronous Generators’ ControlSummaryReferences Design of Synchronous GeneratorsIntroductionSpecifying Synchronous Generators for Power SystemsOutput Power Coefficient and Basic Stator GeometryNumber of Stator SlotsDesign of Stator WindingDesign of Stator CoreSalient: Pole Rotor DesignDamper Cage DesignDesign of Cylindrical RotorsOpen-Circuit Saturation CurveOn-Load Excitation mmf F1nInductances and ResistancesExcitation Winding InductancesDamper Winding ParametersSolid Rotor ParametersSG Transient Parameters and Time ConstantsElectromagnetic Field Time HarmonicsSlot Ripple Time HarmonicsLosses and EfficiencyExciter Design IssuesOptimization Design IssuesGenerator/Motor IssuesSummaryReferences Testing of Synchronous GeneratorsAcceptance TestingTesting for Performance (Saturation Curves, Segregated Losses, and Efficiency)Excitation Current under Load and Voltage RegulationNeed for Determining Electrical ParametersPer Unit ValuesTests for Parameters under Steady StateTests to Estimate the Subtransient and Transient ParametersTransient and Subtransient Parameters from d and q Axis Flux Decay Test at StandstillSubtransient Reactances from Standstill Single-Frequency AC TestsStandstill Frequency Response TestsOnline Identification of SG ParametersSummaryReferences

Ion Boldea is a professor of electrical engineering at the University Politehnica Timisoara, Romania. A life fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Professor Boldea has worked, published, lectured, and consulted extensively on the theory, design, and control of linear and rotary electric motors and generators for more than 40 years.