Surface Modeling High Accuracy and High Speed Methods

Although GIS provides powerful functionality for spatial analysis, data overlay and storage, these spatially oriented systems lack the ability to represent temporal dynamics, which is a major impediment to its use in surface modeling. However, rapid development of computing technology in recent years has made real-time spatial analysis and real-time data visualization become realizable. Based on newly developed methods, Surface Modeling: High Accuracy and High Speed Methods explores solutions to big-error and slow-efficiency problems, two critical challenges that have long plagued those working in with geographical information system (GIS) and computer-aided design (CAD). By developing high accuracy and high speed methods for surface modeling, the book builds a bridge between the mathematical-oriented theory of surface modeling and the user-oriented application where the user is actually able to retrieve information on the method itself. The author examines a novel method of high accuracy surface modeling (HASM) in terms of the fundamental theorem of surfaces. He then analyzes the coefficient matrix and develops an adaptive method of HASM (HASM-AM), a multi-grade method of HASM (HASM-MG), and an adjustment method of HASM (HASM-AD). He uses numerical tests and real world studies to demonstrate that HASM-AM, HASM-MG, and HASM-AD have highly accelerated computational speed, especially for simulations with huge computational work. Building on this, the book discusses a HASM-based method for dynamic simulation (HASM-FDS), and then applies HASM methods to simulate terrains, climate change, ecosystem change, land cover, and soil properties. It demonstrates HASM's potential for simulating population distribution, human carrying capacity, ecosystem services, ecological diversity, change detection, and wind velocity. The book concludes with a discussion of the problems that exist in surface modeling on a global level and evaluates possible solutions to these problems.

Principles and MethodsIntroductionSurface ModelingClassical MethodsError and Multiscale IssuesGeographical Information SystemsReferencesThe Basic Method of HASMIntroductionTheoretical FormulationOptimum FormulationIterative Formulation of HASMNumerical TestsDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesComparative Analyses of Various HASM AlgorithmsIntroductionDirect Algorithms of HASMIterative Formulation of HASM and Its Coefficient Matrix StructureGauss-Seidel Algorithm and Preconditioned Gauss-Seidel AlgorithmConjugate Gradient Algorithm and Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient AlgorithmConclusions and DiscussionReferencesAdaptive Method of HASMIntroductionTest Area and Data AcquisitionThe Adaptive Method of HASMValidation of HASM-AMDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesThe Multigrid Method of HASMIntroductionThe Multigrid Method of HASMComparative Analysis of HASM-MG with OKDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesAdjustment Computation of HASMAdjustment ComputationAdjustment Computation of HASMTests of Accuracy and Computing SpeedConclusions and DiscussionReferencesAn Optimal Control Method of HASM for DEM Construction and Its ValidationIntroductionHASM-OCValidation of HASM-OCConclusions and DiscussionReferencesBasic Approach of HASM to Dynamic SimulationIntroductionThe Basic FormulationNumerical TestConclusions and DiscussionReferencesSurface Modeling of Environment Components of Earth SurfaceSurface Modeling of DEMIntroductionSRTM Void FillingSurface Modeling of DEM Based on Height-Sampling PointsSurface Modeling of DEM Based on Topological MapsDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesSurface Modeling of Population DistributionIntroductionThe SMPD MethodSMPD-Based Population Simulation on a National Level of ChinaSurface Modeling of Population Distribution in BeijingConclusions and DiscussionReferencesSurface Modeling of Human Carrying CapacityIntroductionMethodData SetsFood Provision Capacity of Terrestrial EcosystemsDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesChanging Trends of Food Provision in ChinaIntroductionFarmland ChangeYield Change and Food Production in FarmlandGrassland ProductivityAquatic ProductsImport and Export of FoodPopulation that Food Could SupportConclusions and DiscussionReferencesSurface Modeling of Ecological DiversityIntroductionThe Ecological Diversity IndexEffects of Different Spatial Scales on the Relationship between Species Diversity and Ecosystem DiversityCase StudiesDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesChange DetectionIntroductionLandscape Change DetectionChange Detection of Land Cover in the Yellow River DeltaDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesThe Simulation of Horizontal Wind VelocityIntroductionEstimation of the ParametersThe Simulation of Vertical Wind ProfileDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesSurface Modeling of Climatic Change and ScenariosIntroductionThe Downscaling of HadCM3 Scenarios on a Global LevelSimulation of Climatic Surfaces on a National LevelThe Simulation of Climatic Surfaces on a Provincial LevelDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesSurface Modeling of Terrestrial EcosystemsIntroductionMethodsScenarios of Terrestrial Ecosystems on a Global LevelTerrestrial Ecosystem Simulation on a National LevelEcosystem Changing Trends on a Provincial LevelDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesSurface Modeling of Land CoverIntroductionLand-Cover Classification and Transition Probability MatrixesThe Spatial Distribution of Land-Cover TypesArea Changes of Land-Cover TypesEcotope Diversity and Patch Connectivity of Land-CoverMean Center Shifts of Land-Cover TypesDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesSurface Modeling of Soil PropertiesIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResults and AnalysesDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesEcological Modeling and Earth Surface SimulationIntroductionEarth Surface ModelingSystems EcologyWorldwide CollaborationsGlobal ModelsSimulation SystemsDiscussion and ConclusionsReferencesIndex