Shaft Alignment Handbook

Now in its third edition, Piotrowski's bestselling Shaft Alignment Handbook is still the most trusted and widely embraced guide in the field. This edition was reorganized, updated, and expanded to be more convenient, intuitive, and to reflect the latest developments in the area. Dedicated chapters now discuss the basics of modeling, each of the five basic alignment methods, and electro-optic methods. Significant new material reflects recent findings on detecting misalignment, machinery movement from offline to running conditions, multiple element drive trains, and specific types of rotating machinery such as hydroelectric generators. Entirely new chapters explore bore and parallel alignment.

Rotating machinery is the heart of many industrial operations, but many engineers and technicians perform shaft alignment by guesswork or with limited knowledge of the tools and methods available to accurately and effectively align their machinery. Two decades ago, John Piotrowski conferred upon the field an unprecedented tool: the first edition of the Shaft Alignment Handbook.Two editions later, this bestselling handbook is still the most trusted and widely embraced guide in the field. The third edition was reorganized, updated, and expanded to be more convenient, intuitive, and to reflect the latest developments in the area. Dedicated chapters now discuss the basics of alignment modeling, each of the five basic alignment methods, and electro-optic methods. Significant new material reflects recent findings on detecting misalignment, machinery movement from offline to running conditions, multiple element drive trains, and specific information on virtually every type of rotating machinery in existence. Entirely new chapters explore bore and parallel alignment.Providing detailed guidance based on years of hands-on experience, the Shaft Alignment Handbook, Third Edition is a practical tool to help avoid costly shutdowns, dangerous failures, and early replacements.

INTRODUCTION TO SHAFT ALIGNMENTBenefits of Good Machinery AlignmentConsequences of Defective AlignmentFour Basic Ingredients Necessary to Insure Alignment SuccessEight Basic Steps to Align MachineryHow Qualified Are You to Detect and Correct Machinery Misalignment?Why Should People Be Tested on Their Alignment Skills?Experience Evaluation for Machinery AlignmentWho Needs to Be Trained and Qualified in Shaft Alignment?Assessing a Person's Knowledge and Experience Level in Shaft AlignmentAlignment Qualification or Certification TestingPeriodic Alignment ChecksAlignment Record KeepingReferencesDETECTING MISALIGNMENT ON ROTATING MACHINERYThe Four Maintenance PhilosophiesTypes of Forces that Occur on Rotating MachineryBibliographyFOUNDATIONS, BASEPLATES, INSTALLATION, AND PIPING STRAINVarying Composition of Earth's Surface LayerHow Do We Hold This Equipment in Place?Problems to Look for in Your Foundations and BaseplatesChecking for Excessive Static Piping Forces on Rotating EquipmentVisual Inspection ChecklistHow Long Will Rotating Machinery Stay Accurately Aligned?ReferencesFLEXIBLE AND RIGID COUPLINGSCoupling and Shaft Misalignment Tolerances-What is the Difference?The Role of the Flexible CouplingWhat to Consider When Specifying a Flexible CouplingTypes of Flexible CouplingsRigid Coupling DesignFlexible Coupling LubricationCoupling InstallationCoupling Hub Attachment MethodsKeys and KeywaysBibliographyPRELIMINARY ALIGNMENT CHECKSFoundation and Base Plate ChecksDial Indicator BasicsDamaged, Worn, or Improperly Installed Machinery Component ChecksRunoutMachine Housing to Base Plate Interface ProblemsVerifying that the Soft Foot Has Been EliminatedOther Methods for Correcting Soft Foot ProblemsSHAFT ALIGNMENT MEASURING TOOLSDimensional MeasurementClasses of Dimensional Measurement Tools and SensorsSweeping 90° Arcs Twice to Measure a Misalignment ConditionWhy Measurements Are Taken at 90° IntervalsRotating Both Shafts to Override a Runout ConditionTips for Getting Good Alignment MeasurementsEngaged Couplings Will Produce Measurement ErrorsRim Indicator Setup VariationsRim Readings Indicate Twice the Centerline OffsetValidity RulePartial Arc MathematicsBracket or Bar SagXmas Tree Brackets and Face SagZero Sag BracketsDial Indicator Shaft Alignment System ManufacturersDial Indicator Manufacturers Hardware SpecificationsBibliographyCORRECTING MISALIGNMENTInstalling Machinery for the First TimeBolt-Bound ConditionsLast Resort Measures for Bolt-Bound ConditionsMachinery Positioning BasicsTypes of Movement ToolsWhat to Do When Things Are Not WorkingMisalignment RantingsBibliographyALIGNMENT MODELING BASICSGraphing and Modeling Alignment TechniquesBasic Alignment ModelsScaling the Drive System onto the Alignment ModelCardinal Alignment Graphing and Modeling RulesBibliographyDEFINING MISALIGNMENT: ALIGNMENT AND COUPLING TOLERANCESWhat Exactly Is Shaft Alignment?Does Level and Aligned Mean the Same Thing?Measuring AnglesTypes of MisalignmentDefinition of Shaft MisalignmentChecking the Misalignment ToleranceShaft versus Coupling AlignmentHow Straight Are Rotating Machinery Shafts?REVERSE INDICATOR METHODBasic Mathematical Equations for the Reverse Indicator MethodModeling Reverse Indicator Method Using the ''Point-To-Point'' TechniqueRim Readings Are Always Twice the Offset AmountModeling the Reverse Indicator Method Using the Line-To-Point TechniqueBibliographyFACE AND RIM METHODSMathematical Relationship in Machinery AlignmentSixteen-Point MethodTwenty-Point MethodProblems with Taking Face ReadingsModeling the Face and Rim MethodArtificial Face SurfaceReferencesDOUBLE RADIAL METHODBasic Mathematical Equations for the Double Radial MethodModeling the Double Radial MethodSHAFT TO COUPLING SPOOL METHODBasic Mathematical Equations for the Shaft to Coupling Spool MethodModeling the Shaft to Coupling Spool MethodFACE-FACE METHODBasic Mathematical Equations for the Face-Face MethodModeling the Face-Face MethodELECTRONIC AND ELECTRO-OPTICAL SHAFT ALIGNMENT SYSTEMSOptical Encoder SystemLaser-Detector SystemsLaser System Manufacturers Hardware SpecificationsLaser System Manufacturers Software SpecificationsReferencesMEASURING AND COMPENSATING FOR OFF-LINE TO RUNNING MACHINERY MOVEMENTWhat Type of Machinery Is Likely to Change Equipment's Position When Running?What Causes Machinery Movement to Occur?Conducting the Off-Line to Running Machinery Movement SurveyTaking "Hot" Alignment Measurements Immediately after ShutdownFour General Categories of OL2R MeasurementsCalculating Machine Case Thermal Expansion Using the Strain EquationInside Micrometer-Tooling Ball-Angle Measurement DevicesVertical, Lateral, and Axial OL2R MovementProximity Probes with Water-Cooled StandsOptical Alignment EquipmentOptical ParallaxUsing Optical Tooling for Measuring Machinery MovementEstablishing Reference PlanesAlignment Bars with Proximity ProbesApplying Laser-Detector Systems for OL2R MeasurementsBall-Rod-Tubing Connector SystemVernier-Strobe SystemInstrumented Coupling SystemsAligning Shafts for Running Conditions (Also Known as Running Alignment or ''Hot Operating Alignment'')BibliographyALIGNING MULTIPLE-ELEMENT DRIVE SYSTEMSMultiple-Element Drive Train Alignment LawsMultiple-Element Drive Train: Graphing and Modeling TechniquesMultiple-Element Drive Train Modeling-One Set of Shafts at a TimeMultiple-Element Drive System Graphing-Modeling All the Shafts at One TimeMixing Different Alignment Measurement MethodsModeling Right-Angle Drive SystemsFinal Comments on Aligning Multiple-Element Drive TrainsReferencesALIGNING V-BELT DRIVESBelt Drive Systems-Advantages and DisadvantagesV-Belt Standards InformationSheave InformationV-Belt Recommendations and Rules of ThumbSheave and Belt WearAdjusting Belt TensionPreliminary Alignment Checks for V-Belts and SheavesTypes of Sheave Misalignment ConditionsUsing a Straightedge to Measure MisalignmentMeasuring the Misalignment at the SheavesV-Belt Machine MeasurementsModeling V-Belt Alignment ProblemsV-Belt Alignment Modeling Sample ProblemLaser Alignment Systems for V-Belts and SheavesBibliographyBORE ALIGNMENTAligning a Rotating Shaft with a Stationary Hollow CylinderAligning Two Hollow CylindersBasic Measurement Principles and NomenclatureCylinder Alignment ProcedureBucking in ProcessCorrecting the MisalignmentLaser Bore Alignment SystemsPARALLEL ALIGNMENTRough Alignment of Parallel RollsUsing Optical Alignment Equipment for Roll ParallelismAligning the Rolls in the Vertical (Up/Down) DirectionAligning the Rolls in the Lateral (Side to Side) DirectionUsing Laser-Detector Systems to Measure ParallelismUsing Roll, Pitch, and Yaw Positions of Rolls to Measure ParallelismAligning Rolls and Their Drives-Sample ProblemALIGNMENT CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIFIC TYPES OF MACHINERYDriversBibliographyTHE HISTORY OF MACHINERY ALIGNMENTAPPENDICESAppendix A: Machinery Data CardAppendix B: Sample Preliminary Alignment Record SheetAppendix C: Sample Installation and Shaft AlignmentAppendix D: Torque Values (SAE Grade 2 Bolts).Appendix E: Torque Values (SAE Grade 5 Bolts)Appendix F: Torque Values (SAE Grade 8 Bolts)Appendix G: Shaft Alignment and Related U.S. PatentsAppendix H: Shaft Alignment Training QuestionnaireAppendix I: Shaft Alignment Services QuestionnaireAppendix J: Alignment Internet Web SitesAppendix K: Single Plane BalancingINDEX