Seismic Retrofitting: Learning from Vernacular Architecture Learning from Vernacular Architecture

Local communities have adapted for centuries to challenging surroundings, resulting from unforeseen natural hazards. Vernacular architecture often reveals very intelligent responses attuned to the environment. Therefore, the question that emerged was: how did local populations prepare their dwellings to face frequent earthquakes? It was to respond to this gap in knowledge, that the SEISMIC-V research project was instigated, and this interdisciplinary international publication was prepared. The research revealed the existence of a local seismic culture, in terms of reactive or preventive seismic resistant measures, able to survive, if properly maintained, in areas with frequent earthquakes. The fundamental contribution and aims of the publication were to enhance:-The disciplinary interest in vernacular architecture;-Its contribution to risk mitigation in responding to natural hazards;-To encourage academic and scientific research collaboration among different disciplines;-To contribute to the improvement of vernacular dwellings, which half of the world’s population still inhabits nowadays. Fifty international researchers and experts presented case studies from Latin America, the Mediterranean, Eastern and Central Asia and the Himalayas region, with reference to 20 countries, i.e. Algeria, Bolivia, Bhutan, Chile,China, Egypt, El Salvador, Greece, Haiti, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Peru, Romania, Taiwan, Turkey and a closer detailed analysis of Portugal. This publication brings together 43 contributions, with newperspectives on seismic retrofitting techniques and relevant data, addressing vernacular architecture; an amazing source of knowledge, and to this day,home to 4 billion people.

Part 1: FrameworkVernacular architecture: A paradigm of the local seismic culture F. FerrigniVernacular architecture? G.D. Carlos, M.R. Correia, S. Rocha & P. FreySeismic-resistant building practices resulting from Local Seismic Culture J. Ortega, G. Vasconcelos & M.R. CorreiaPractices resulting from seismic performance improvement on heritage intervention R.F. Paula & V. CóiasCriteria and methodology for intervention in vernacular architecture and earthen heritage M.R. CorreiaStructural conservation and vernacular construction P.B. Lourenço, H. Varum, G. Vasconcelos & H. RodriguesSeismic retrofitting of historic earthen buildings C. Cancino & D. TorrealvaLocal building cultures valued to better contribute to housing reconstruction programs T. Joffroy & P. GarnierPart 2: Local seismic culture around the worldLocal seismic culture in Latin America L.F. Guerrero Baca & J. Vargas NeumannLocal seismic culture in the Mediterranean region L. Dipasquale & S. MeccaThe central and eastern Asian local seismic culture: Three approaches F. FerrigniThe earthquake resistant vernacular architecture in the Himalayas Randolph LangenbachTraditional construction in high seismic zones: A losing battle? The case of the 2015Nepal earthquake X. Romão, E. Paupério & A. MenonCase study: Local seismic culture in vernacular architecture in Algeria A. Abdessemed, Y. Terki & D. BenouarCase study: Assessment of the seismic resilience of traditional Bhutanese buildings T. Ilharco, A.A. Costa, J.M. Guedes, B. Quelhas, V. Lopes, J.L. Vasconcelos & G.S.C. VasconcelosCase study: Vernacular seismic culture in Chile N. Jorquera & H. PereiraCase study: Seismic resistant typologies technology in vernacular architecture inSichuan Province, China J. YaoCase study: Seismic retrofitting in ancient Egyptian adobe architecture S. LameiCase study: Seismic resistant constructive systems in El Salvador F. Gomes, M.R. Correia & R.D. NuñezCase study: Seismic retrofitting of Japanese traditional wooden structures N. TakiyamaCase study: Seismic retrofitting constructive typology of vernacular Moroccan architecture (Fez) A. Abdessemed-FoufaCase study: Local seismic culture in Romanian vernacular architecture M. Ha?rma?nescu & E.S. GeorgescuCase study: Local seismic culture in Taiwan vernacular architecture Y.R. Chen Part 3: Local seismic culture in PortugalRecognising local seismic culture in Portugal, the SEISMIC-V research M.R. Correia & G.D. CarlosSeismic hazard analysis: An overview J.F.B.D. Fonseca & S.P. VilanovaA brief paleoseismology literature review: Contribution for the local seismic culture study in Portugal M.R. Correia, M. Worth & S. VilanovaPortuguese historical seismicity G.SousaSeismic behaviour of vernacular architecture H.Varum, H. Rodrigues, P.B. Lourenço & G. VasconcelosThe design of 1758’s master plan and the construction of Lisbon ‘downtown’: A humanistic concept? V. Lopes dos SantosTimber frames as an earthquake resisting system in Portugal E.Poletti, G. Vasconcelos & P.B. LourençoPart 4: Portuguese local seismic culture: Assessment by regions Lisbon: Downtown’s reconstruction after the 1755 earthquake G.D. Carlos, M.R. Correia, G. Sousa, A. Lima, F. Gomes & V. Lopes dos SantosThe 1909 earthquake impact in the Tagus Lezíria region E. Gomes, A. Lima, G.D. Carlos & M.R. CorreiaCostal Alentejo region: Identification of local seismic culture F. Gomes, A. Lima, G.D. Carlos & M.R. CorreiaSeismic-resistant elements in the Historical Centre of Évora G.D. Carlos, M.R. Correia, G. Sousa, A. Lima & F. GomesSeismic-resistant features in Lower Alentejo’s vernacular architecture A. Lima, F. Gomes, G.D. Carlos, D. Viana & M.R. CorreiaSeismic vulnerability of the Algarve coastal region G.D. Carlos, M.R. Correia, G. Sousa, A. Lima, F. Gomes, L. Félix & A. FeioThe high and intense seismic activity in the Azores F. Gomes, M.R. Correia, G.D. Carlos & A. Lima Part 5: Typology performance studySeismic behaviour assessment of vernacular isolated buildings J. Ortega, G. Vasconcelos, P.B. Lourenço, H. Rodrigues & H. VarumSeismic behaviour analysis and retrofitting of a row building R.S. Barros, A. Costa, H. Varum, H. Rodrigues, P.B. Lourenço & G. VasconcelosSeismic vulnerability of vernacular buildings in urban centres—the case of Vila Real de Santo António J. Ortega, G. Vasconcelos, P.B. Lourenço, H. Rodrigues & H. Varum Part 6: Conclusions of the research Systematisation of seismic mitigation planning at urban scale D.L. Viana, A. Lima, G.D. Carlos, F. Gomes, M.R. Correia, P.B. Lourenço & H. VarumSystematisation of seismic retrofitting in vernacular architecture A. Lima, M.R. Correia, F. Gomes, G.D. Carlos, D. Viana, P.B. Lourenço & H. VarumCommon damages and recommendations for the seismic retrofitting of vernacular dwellings M.R. Correia, H. Varum & P.B. Lourenço

Mariana R. Correia (Edited by) , Paulo B. Lourenco (University of Minho, Portugal) (Edited by) , Humberto Varum (Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal) (Edited by)