Reversing Ethnic Cleansing through Minority Returns An Intellectual History of a Novel Idea

Ethnic conflict is not new. Nor are international attempts to prevent or contain it. Reversing Ethnic Cleansing through Minority Returns examines whether and how ethnic, religious, and political minorities should be returned and reintegrated after conflict. Its main focus is the unprecedented international attempt to 're-mix' ethnic groups in Bosnia, following the war. The book scrutinizes the puzzle of why states and international organizations pursued a re-mixing policy in response to ethnic cleansing in Bosnia. There were multiple policy alternatives on the table at the start of the conflict. Compared to these, re-mixing was an unlikely choice: politically, it was risky; locally, it was unpopular; financially, it was expensive; and practically, it ultimately failed. Yet Washington and the United Nations chose to prioritize re-mixing nonetheless, justifying their choice on the grounds that it was essential for 'reversing' ethnic cleansing and thereby re-establishing a multi-ethnic Bosnia. More generally, this book offers insights into how refugee return policies emerge, evolve, and solidify in a European context. In doing so, it contributes to a better understanding of how normative discourses transform into policy as well as offers policy recommendations for approaching the challenge of facilitating returns and reintegration following a war's end. Understanding how and why such “unintended norm diffusion” emerged is a crucial addition to the historical record and provides an important correction to the lessons normally drawn from this precedent-breaking case.

1 - Understanding the Quest to Reverse Ethinic Cleansing in Bosnia
2 - Possible Explanations for the Emergence of a Novel Idea
3 - From the Un-Mixing to the Re-Mixing of Peoples: A Brief Oview of International Responses to Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe
4 - Origins of the Re-Mixing Idea (1991-1994)
5 - The United States and the Formalisation of Re-Mixing (1994-1995)
6 - UNHCR and Defending the Re-Mixing Policy (1996-1997)
7 - Attempting to Implement the Re-Mixing Idea (1998-2003)
8 - Re-Mixing: Mission Complete or Mission Abandoned?
9 - Drawing Lessons from the Remixing Case

Dr. Rebecca Brubaker is a Lecturer in Security and Conflict in Policy and Practice at the University of St. Andrews and an Adjunct Professor in International Security with American University. Previously, she served as the Director of Policy, Learning and Advisory Services at Interpeace, one of the oldest international peacebuilding organizations. She also worked for the United Nations (UN) leading portfolios relating to conflict prevention, transitional justice, humanitarian affairs, and sanctions. Prior to joining the UN, Dr. Brubaker served as a scholar and visiting lecturer at the University of Oxford, Yale University, University of Virginia, the Free University of Brussels (ULB), and the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (Geneva). She holds a DPhil and MSc from the University of Oxford, where she studied as a Rhodes scholar.