Reason and Experience in Mendelssohn and Kant

Reason and Experience in Mendelssohn and Kant provides the first in-depth examination of the lifelong intellectual relationship between two of the greatest figures of the European Enlightenment, Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Moses Mendelssohn (1729-86). Both were engaged in a common project of striking the right balance between rationalism and empiricism. They sometimes borrowed from one another, often disagreed with one another, and can usefully be compared even when they did not directly interact. Guyer examines a series of comparisons and contrasts: their arguments and conclusions on a range of metaphysical issues, including proofs of the existence of God, immortality, and idealism; their shared interests in aesthetics; and their path-breaking work on the "religion of reason" and the separation of church and state. Setting the work of both philosophers in historical context, Guyer shows that, where Kant sometimes provides deeper insight into the underlying structure of human thought, Mendelssohn is often the deeper student of the variety of human experience. This is evident above all in their treatments of aesthetics and religion: Mendelssohn recognizes more deeply than Kant the emotional impact of art, and while Kant imagines that organized religion will one day be superseded by pure morality, Mendelssohn argued that organized religion in all its varieties seems here to stay, and so toleration for religious variety is an inescapable requirement of human morality. Based on an exhaustive study of a wide range of texts, this study demonstrates the ongoing relevance of Kant and Mendelssohn to modern thought.

1 - Prologue: The Prize Essays
2 - Mendelssohn, Kant, and Proofs of the Existence of God in Kant's Pre-Critical Period
3 - Proofs of the Existence of God in the Critique of Pure Reason and Morning Hours
4 - Mendelssohn and Kant on the Immortality of the Soul
5 - Mendelssohn, Kant, and Idealism
6 - Mendelssohn's Aesthetics
7 - Kant's Aesthetics
8 - Mendelssohn's and Kant's Aesthetics Compared
9 - Mendelssohn, Kant, and Enlightenment
10 - Freedom of Religion in Mendelssohn and Kant
11 - Judaism, Christianity, and the Religion of Pure Reason
12 - Mendelssohn, Kant, and the Possibility of Progress

Paul Guyer is emeritus professor of philosophy and humanities at Brown University and the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author, editor, and/or translator of more than thirty books, and was General Co-Editor of the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. His most recent books with Oxford University Press are Idealism in Modern Philosophy (2023, with Rolf-Horstmann) and Kant's Impact on Moral Philosophy (2024). Professor Guyer was the recipient of the 2024 International Kant Prize of the Kant Gesellschaft and Fritz Thyssen Foundation. He is a Member of the American Philosophical Society, a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Corresponding Foreign Member of the Academy of Athens.