Radiation Risks in Perspective

Radiation Risks in Perspective uses radiological risk as a model to illuminate the fundamental problems and possible solutions to public perception, reaction, and policy when faced with possible health risks. The book discusses the methods used to measure threat, the contextual balancing of cost versus benefit when prioritizing expenditure, and the public's extremist tendency to push toward zero risk tolerance, resulting in a forfeiture of valuable advances in technology in favor of an illusion of safety. With detailed explanations and illustrative case studies this book offers scientists and policy makers the skills for a rational evaluation of risk.

Public misperception of radiological risk consistently directs limited resources toward managing minimal or even phantom risks at great cost to government and industry with no measurable benefit to overall public health. The public’s inability to comprehend small theoretical risks arrived at through inherently uncertain formulae, coupled with an irrational push to eliminate all risk with no contextual understanding of overall benefit, results in a forfeiture of valuable advances in technology in favor of an illusion of safety. Radiation Risks in Perspective uses general concepts underlying radiological risk as a model to illuminate the fundamental problems in public perception, reaction, and policy when faced with possible health risks. Presenting three distinct themes, the author summarizes the causes for the failure of the current system and proposes methods for correction. Beginning with a discussion of the methods used to measure threat, the author weighs the nebulous assessment of risk with the use of a quantifiable assessment of hazardous dose, which uses actual numbers that the public can readily understand and that decision makers can confidently use to enact policy and measure success. Secondly, the author addresses the contextual balancing of cost versus benefit when prioritizing expenditure, specifically emphasizing that it is inappropriate to analyze and discuss individual risks without regard to the presence of other risks. Finally, the author analyzes the public’s tendency to push toward zero risk tolerance, an extremist approach that leads to unreasonable restrictions on technologies, excessive regulatory compliance costs, and the ultimate loss of goods and services. With detailed explanations and illustrative case studies, Radiation Risks in Perspective offers scientists, lawyers, engineers, policy makers, and public health professionals, the skills they need for a rational evaluation of risk.

Contents Risky Business More than a Number Safety without Risk? What’s Risky? Is It Dangerous? Can I Get Exposed? Can It Hurt Me? What Are the Risks? Damage Control Perception Is Reality References Scientific Guesswork Making the Right Choice Predictive Theories in Risk Assessment Linear No-Threshold Theory Sublinear Nonthreshold Supralinear Hormesis Threshold Limitations and Uncertainties Speculation versus Reality Risk Management and Risk Communication Quantifying Risk at Small Doses References No Safe Dose LNT: The Theory of Choice The LNT Controversy Elements of the Debate The Question of Thresholds Repair of Radiation Damage and Cellular Autonomy Uses and Misuses of LNT Case 1: Estimation of Health Effects of Fallout from the Chernobyl Reactor Accident Case 2: Childhood Cancer Following Diagnostic X-ray Case 3: Public Health Impacts from Radiation in a Modern Pit Facility Uncertain Risk How Low Can You Go? Risk Assessment Considering Uncertainty Uncertain Choices Another Approach Zero or Bust Management Triggers Technical Triggers Size Matters Sensitive People Assigned Blame Social Triggers Safety Protection of Children and the Unborn Polluters Should Pay Catastrophe and Apathy Public Information and Distorting Risks Political Triggers Perceptions and Conflicts of Interest Management Strategies As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) Best Available Technology (BAT) The Precautionary Principle Risk-Risk Trade-offs and Unintended Consequences Risk Offset Risk Substitution Risk Transfer and Risk Transformation Challenges Misplaced Priorities Priorities and Realities Factors in Prioritization Scientific Evidence Public Perception of Risks Management Capacity Court Actions Influence of Stakeholder Groups Real Risks and Reordering Priorities Monetary Costs Environmental Cleanup at the Nevada Test Site Characterization of Waste Destined for WIPP Avoiding Risk The Case Against Risk Different Risks Agent-Agent Interactions Dose as a Surrogate for Risk The Case for Dose A Dose-Based System of Protection Regulatory Dose Limit Natural Background Acceptable Dose Management Decisions Based on Dose Proportion Simplification of Radiation Quantities and Units Review of the Current System of Radiation Protection Radiation from the Gods The Watras Case Human Exposure to Radon Health Hazards of Radon Is There Really a Public Health Hazard? Public Health Perceptions and Fears Economic Impacts National/Regional Differences Hold the Phone Will Cell Phones “Fry” Your Brain? Managing Phantom Risks Imprudent Precaution International Calls PR Campaign: Proportion, Prioritization, and Precaution Proportion Prioritization Precaution Glossary Index

Kenneth L. Mossman is a professor of health physics in the School of Life Sciences and affiliated faculty member of the Center for the Study of Law, Science and Technology at Arizona State University in Tempe, where he has also served as assistant vice president for research and director of the university’s Office of Radiation Safety. Prior to his arrival at Arizona State University, Dr. Mossman was a faculty member of the medical and dental schools at Georgetown University in Washington, DC, and was professor and founding chairman of the Department of Radiation Science at Georgetown’s Graduate School. His research interests include radiological health and safety and public policy. Dr. Mossman has authored more than 150 publications related to radiation health issues. He served as president of the Health Physics Society and received its prestigious Elda Anderson Award, the Marie Curie Gold Medal, and the Founder’s Award. He has been a Sigma Xi distinguished lecturer and is a fellow of the Health Physics Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has served on committees of the National Research Council, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (Paris), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (Vienna). Dr. Mossman earned a BS in biology from Wayne State University, MS and PhD degrees in radiation biology from the University of Tennessee, and an MEd degree in higher education administration from the University of Maryland. Dr. Mossman is also author of The Radiobiological Basis of Radiation Protection Practice (1992) Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, with William Mills and Arbitrary and Capricious (2004) AEI Press, Washington, DC with Gary Marchant.