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fong albie (curatore); tippett jesse (curatore) - project development in the solar industry
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Project Development in the Solar Industry

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Genere:Libro
Lingua: Inglese
Editore:

CRC Press

Pubblicazione: 12/2012
Edizione: 1° edizione





Note Editore

This book provides an extensive overview of utility scale solar project development and the various tasks required to bring large solar power plants from plans to realities. The various topics have been organized and presented in a way to clearly define important development fundamentals including basic business and legal considerations. The reader is also guided through the more complex aspects of renewable energy development such as how to choose the ideal project site. Further, while the book is appropriate for a cover to cover read-through it is also designed to be an excellent go-to reference, a HANDBOOK FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT.Edited by: Albie Fong and Jesse Tippettwith contributions from: Arturo Alvarez, Jeffery Atkin, William DuFour III, Perry Fontana, William Hugron, Jason Keller, Tyler M. Kropf, Michael Mendelsohn, Brett Prior, Scott Reynolds, Pilar Rodriguez-Ibáñez, Katherine Ryzhaya Poster and Alfonso Tovar ELECTRONIC ENHANCEMENTSThe book’s companion website http://www.solarbookteam.com provides contact information for all authors tothebookand access to the key resources highlighted in the text. This tailored media platform provides supplemental and exclusive information that is up-to-date with the present state of the solar industry.




Sommario

Acknowledgments List of figuresList of tables This book and electronic enhancements About the authors 1 Why renewable energy? 1.1 “WHY NOT” Solar Energy 2 Technology basics 2.1 Solar Photovoltaics 2.1.1 The photoelectric effect 2.2 Solar Thermal 2.2.1 The Rankine cycle 2.3 Parabolic Trough Systems 2.4 Power Towers, Dish Solar Thermal Systems and Solar Water Heating 3 Development: Project permitting 3.1 The Development and Permitting Landscape 3.2 The Development Process – An Overview 3.3 The Evolution of Permitting 3.4 Permitting a Utility-Scale Solar Generation Facility 3.5 The Role of the Non-Governmental Organization 3.6 Some Parting Thoughts 4 Development: Land 4.1 Brief Outline of Land Use and Energy Consumption 4.2 Solar Math, Energy Consumption and the Land Perspective 4.3 Preparation Prior to Search 4.3.1 Land size 4.3.2 State-County-Region 4.3.3 Utility provider 4.3.4 Project size 4.3.5 Distance to interconnection and proximity to substation 4.3.6 Topography 4.3.7 Water requirements 4.3.8 Solar radiation 4.4 Using Technology in Site Selection Process 4.5 BLM Land Overview 4.5.1 BLM vs. Private land 4.6 Williamson Act 4.7 Leasing, Purchasing and Options 4.8 Contracts 4.9 Pricing 4.10 Conclusion 5 Development: Transmission 5.1 Locating Transmission Lines 5.2 Identifying the Lines and Nomenclature 5.3 Historic Interconnection Application and Study Process 5.4 The Updated Interconnection Application Process 5.4.1 Fast track 5.4.2 Independent study 5.4.3 Cluster study 5.5 Land Requirements for Interconnection 5.6 Interconnection Cost Estimates 5.7 APS transmission Case Study: Transmission 5.8 Transmission Case Study: NV Energy TransmissionDelivery Preferences and Implications5.9 California Interconnection Process – 5 MW Facility PlacedOnto Pacific Gas & Electric Network5.9.1 Application processing 5.9.2 The technical scoping meeting 5.9.3 Technical studies 5.9.4 Interconnection agreement5.9.5 Project implementation 6 Development: Energy off-take and power purchase agreements 6.1 The PPA and its importance to finance and valuation 6.2 Basic structure of a PPA6.3 Key terms of the PPA 6.4 Financing Considerations of the PPA 6.5 PPA Variables greatly affecting the cash flow and value of the project 6.6 Buyer and Seller Key Commitments under a PPA 6.7 Obtaining a PPA 6.8 Utility Concerns in PPAs 6.9 Keys to PPA Award 6.10 Finding the best utility for a PPA6.11 Project maturity and PPA Award 6.12 The broken U.S. PPA market and keys to improving it 7 Development: Renewable energy credits 7.1 Renewable Energy Credits 7.1.1 Tradable instruments 7.1.2 Regional markets (U.S.) 7.1.3 Commercial and regulatory risks 7.2 Carbon Markets and Cap-and-Trade Programs 7.2.1 Tradable instruments 7.2.2 Regional markets 8 Development: Development tools 8.1 Uses and application of geographic information software tools: Wetland databases 8.2 Biological geography databases and basis database navigation 8.3 Flora resource information databases 8.4 Renewable energy resource information: Solar radiation data 8.5 Geographic soil data 8.6 Transmission route and information databases 9 Development: Design considerations of photovoltaic systems 9.1 Overview of Design Considerations 9.2 Solar Resource 9.2.1 Direction or angle of incidence 9.2.2 Atmospheric disturbance or clearness index 9.2.3 Inter-annual variability 9.3 Project Requirements 9.3.1 Photovoltaic module 9.3.2 Photovoltaic inverter 9.3.3 Module mounting structure 9.4 Photovoltaic system design 9.4.1 Operating voltage 9.4.2 Temperature 9.4.3 String sizing 9.4.4 Combiner box 9.4.5 DC wiring 9.4.6 DC to AC conversion 9.4.7 AC field 9.4.8 System modeling 10 Business: Legal considerations of solar development 10.1 Entering into business negotiations 10.1.1 Confidentiality agreements 10.1.2 Term sheets 10.2 Business/Deal Structuring Decisions 10.2.1 Choice of entity 10.2.2 A holding company versus a project company 10.2.3 Where to form your business 10.2.4 Steps to create an LLC in delaware 10.2.5 Joint ventures 10.2.6 Acquiring a project in development 10.3 Project Development Considerations 10.3.1 Site control 10.3.2 Power purchase agreements 10.4 Construction Documents 10.5 Conclusion 11 Business: Finance 11.1 Forms of Investment 11.2 Financial Structure 11.3 Capital Requirements 11.4 Sources of Capital 11.5 Development Risks 11.5.1 Risk mitigation techniques and policies 11.6 Policy Impact on Asset Financing 11.6.1 U.S. policy to induce renewable energy finance 11.7 Path Forward: Securitization? 12 Business: Insurance and risk management 12.1 Risk Analysis 12.2 Project Risk 12.2.1 Risk mitigation 12.2.2 Anticipated insurance coverage’s 12.3 Conclusion 13 Renewable energy and Mexico – an emerging market with promise 13.1 The Law on the Use of Renewable Energy and Energy Transition Funding (LAERFTE) The policy for the development of renewable energy 13.2 Current overview of renewable energy in Mexico: Progress on the introduction of wind and solar energy in the Mexican market 13.2.1 Wind energy 13.2.2 Solar energy 13.3 Conclusions 14 Market study: Current state of the US solar market 14.1 Solar Projects in Operation 14.1.1 Solar projects by technology 14.1.2 Solar projects in operation by state 14.1.3 Leading solar developer for completed solar projects 14.1.4 Leading debt providers for completed solar projects 14.1.5 Leading tax equity providers for completed solar projects 14.1.6 Leading direct equity providers for completed solar projects 14.2 Bottom-Up View of the US Utility-Scale Solar Market, 2012–2015 14.2.1 Solar projects under development or construction 14.2.2 Crystalline silicon and thin film PV 14.2.3 CSP 14.2.4 CPV 14.2.5 Solar projects by state 14.2.6 Leading solar developer 14.2.7 Leading debt providers 14.2.8 Leading tax equity providers 14.2.9 Leading direct equity providers 14.3 Top-Down View of the US Utility-Scale Solar Market, 2012–2015 14.3.1 Total US electricity demand and supply growth 14.3.2 RPS requirements by state 14.4 Key Trends in the US Utility-Scale Solar Market 14.4.1 End of the section 1603 cash grant program 14.4.2 IPPs moving from natural gas and wind to solar 14.4.3 Once the RPS requirements are met, then what? or – can solar compete with natural gas plants? References Index




Autore

EDITORSALBIE FONGAlbie is currently a Senior Manager of Project Execution with Talesun Solar where he works to deploy Talesun manufactured photovoltaic modules into commercial and utility scale projects. Technical evaluation of solar equipment, EPC management, and creation of strategic partnerships are other aspects of his role. Before his time with Talesun, Albie started the North American operations of Albiasa Solar in late 2008 and has held positions of both Chief Project Engineer and Managing Director of the company. During his tenure at Albiasa, Albie has been involved directly in many levels of the solar value chain for both utility scale PV & CSP projects: engineering, energy modeling, project permitting, manufacturing supply chain management, product marketing, and financing. Prior to his solar career, Albie worked in San Diego with OptiSwitch Technology Corporation, a group focused on the engineering of high power semiconductor switches with applications in the defense and biofuel industries. A native of the California Bay Area, Albie obtained his B.S. in electrical engineering from the University of California, San Diego with a concentration in financial investment. Traveling, snorkeling, and baseball have been activities Albie enjoys when not otherwise engaged saving the world with green energy. JESSE TIPPETTJesse is a business development professional currently with Aries Power & Industrial where he works with their international team to develop renewable energy and provide engineering design and construction services to projects. Prior to joining Aries Jesse focused on technology bankability, project acquisitions and the development and energy marketing aspects of renewable energy projects with GCL Solar Energy and Albiasa Corporation.Jesse became involved in renewable energy during his undergraduate studies at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, where he graduated with a B.S. in mechanical engineering and concentrations in Aerospace and Spanish. While studying he completed an award winning renewable energy project in Namibia, Africa with the R3E that implemented recyclable materials into low cost housing to decrease energy usage. Jesse has an MBA from the University of New Haven. Aside from contributing to the solar energy field, Jesse has worked in the aerospace industry with UTC’s Sikorsky Aircraft and completed a research project at NASA’s Glenn Research center. When not working, Jesse enjoys reading non-fiction, family time with his lovely wife and two beautiful children, adventure, traveling, surfing, and any combination of the aforementioned.WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM:ARTURO ALVAREZArturo Alvarez currently serves as a project manager for Sisener Engineering in Phoenix, Arizona. In his current position Arturo is primarily responsible for the coordination of engineering documentation and main point of contact for ongoing projects that range from construction to advanced levels of development. Previously Arturo served as Albiasa Corporation’s Project Development Manager. In this role, Arturo was primarily responsible for pre-development efforts and preliminary engineering for Albiasa’s various CSP and PV projects. Additionally Arturo led all North American, Chinese, and Middle Eastern suppliers sourcing and supply chain management for the Albiasa parabolic trough for utility scale systems. Furthermore Arturo was a liaison between Albiasa’s Spain based engineers and the local regulations and procedures. Arturo’s key involvement in the renewable industry include innovative solutions for the adaptation of alternative fuel and the viability of biogas projects for disadvantaged communities in South America in 2007. This successful project addressed the lack of fossil fuels and took advantage of the available resources while educating the public about the biogas. Other involvements include the de optimization of distributed energy systems using solar PV. Arturo graduated from Santa Clara University with a Mechanical Engineering degree. He was an active member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and involved in ASME design projects. JEFFERY ATKINJeffery R. Atkin is a partner with Foley & Lardner LLP where he is chair of the Solar Energy Team and a member of the Energy Industry Team. His areas of practice cover a broad range of business and financial matters, including renewable energy, project finance, private placements, mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, real estate development and equipment procurement and leasing.Jeff’s experience in renewable energy and project finance includes representing developers, investors, lenders and landowners in the construction, development, acquisition and financing of renewable energy generation facilities including: wind, solar, hydro, geothermal and biomass facilities. He is a frequent speaker and author on all types of renewable energy development.Jeff received his J.D., magna cum laude from Brigham Young University, where he was a mem










Altre Informazioni

ISBN:

9780415621083

Condizione: Nuovo
Dimensioni: 9.75 x 6.75 in Ø 1.40 lb
Formato: Copertina rigida
Pagine Arabe: 280


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