These areas include: the relationships between physicians and patients, screening and testing for HIV infection, informed consent to and refusal of life-sustaining treatment, withdrawing artificial nutrition and hydration, allocating scarce health care resources, providing access to and controlling the costs of health care, and obtaining organs and tissues for transplantation. Most of the essays in this volume have been thoroughly revised and updated for this publication. Together, they comprise an important statement from one of our foremost ethicists.