Practical Holography

Continuing in the steps of its predecessors, the fourth edition of Practical Holography provides the most comprehensive and up-to-date resource available. Focused on practical techniques in holography at all levels, it avoids any unnecessary mathematical theory. Features of the Fourth Edition Highlights new information on color holograms, sensitive materials, and state-of-the-art processing techniques Includes new chapters and revisions integrating information on digital holography Adds a new appendix on the methods of non-holographic 3D imaging Restores and updates the glossary of terms Outlines a timeline for holography, from the beginnings of understanding the wave model for light up to the present day After nearly 12 years since the previous edition, this book is a vital manual and reference for holography professionals and enthusiasts. It is designed for the scientist, technologist, artist, and serious hobbyist alike, covering every aspect of the field from basic set-up to use of available instruments.

PRINCIPLES OF HOLOGRAPHYWhat Is a Hologram?StereoscopyDefining the GoalGoal AchievedInterferenceExperiment with Interference FringesDiffractionAmplitude and Phase GratingsBrief History of HolographyReferencesLight Sources for HolographyLight as an Electromagnetic PhenomenonPropagation of Electromagnetic WavesOscillatorsProperties of Light BeamsAtoms and EnergyStimulated EmissionThree-Level Solid-State (Ruby) LaserRuby Pulse LaserFour-Level Solid-State LaserFour-Level Solid-State Lasing MediaQ-SwitchingFrequency Doubling and TriplingConstruction of Nd:YAG (Nd:YLF)/Nd:Phosphate Glass Pulse LaserFour-Level Gas LasersMirrors and Windows in CW LasersHelium-Neon LaserLaser Beam ShapersIon LasersSemiconductor (Diode) LasersDiode-Pumped Solid-State LasersFiber LasersLasers for Color HolographyPseudowhite Laser for HolographyLasers and SafetyWarning NoticesAvoiding AccidentsProtective EyewearPulse Laser SafetyLaser ItselfFurther ReadingReferencesBasic Types of HologramLaser Transmission HologramsReplaying the ImageReal ImageWhite-Light Reflection HologramsPhase HologramsImage-Plane HologramsWhite-Light Transmission HologramsOther Types of HologramsHolographic StereogramsColor HolographyDigitally Printed HologramsDigital Projection HologramsSurface Plasmon HologramsEmbossed HologramsReferencesMaterials, Exposure, and ProcessingSilver Halide MaterialsSilver Halide ProcessingConstituents of a DeveloperDeveloper ClassificationsBleachesDichromated GelatinRendering Dichromated Gelatin Sensitive to Red LightCoating PlatesExposingProcessingSealing the HologramColor ControlSilver Halide-Sensitized GelatinPhotopolymersPhotoresistsErasable Photosensitive MaterialsPhotothermoplasticsPhotochromic MaterialsPhotorefractive CrystalsFurther ReadingReferencesPRACTICAL DISPLAY HOLOGRAPHYMaking Your First HologramBasic RequirementsLaserBeam ExpanderSupport for the LaserSupport for the PlateSetting Up for the ExposureSetup with a Small Laser PointerAlternative Setup for a Larger LaserProcessing SolutionsExposingProcessingViewing the ImageOne-Step Real ImageProtecting and Displaying Your HologramWorking with PlatesCutting GlassProcessing PlatesWhat Went Wrong?Suppliers of Holographic MaterialsFurther ReadingSingle-Beam Denisyuk TechniquesSingle-Beam Holograms of Unstable Subject MatterBuilding a Single-Beam Frame for a Prone SetupRear-Surface Mirror System without Double ReflectionsLaserTriangular BenchesSpatial FilteringSetting Up with a Spatial FilterMaking an Electrically Operated ShutterSafelightsIndex-Matching FluidExposing and ProcessingGetting the Exposure RightMultiexposure TechniquesTransfer PrincipleMaking a Reflection Master HologramMaking a Reflection Transfer HologramMaking a Transmission Master Hologram360° HologramsFurther Applications of Single-Beam HologramsMounting and Finishing HologramsTroubleshootingReferenceSingle-Beam Bypass HologramsTransmission Master HologramsReflection Master HologramsReflection Transfer HologramsFull-Aperture Transmission Transfer HologramsRainbow HologramsReflection Holograms from Transmission MastersOther ConfigurationsReferencesBuilding Your Own Holographic LaboratoryLaboratory SpaceOptical TableBuilding a Sand TableBuilding a Concrete TableMetal TablesTable SupportsBases for Optical ComponentsExcluding DraftsMounting the LaserGantry for Overhead EquipmentCantileversDraft ExclusionProcessing AreaStoreroomDisplay AreaReferencesMaking Master Holograms for TransferBeamsplittersOther Types of BeamsplitterIlluminating the SubjectComponent MountingsPlateholdersCollimating MirrorHow Stable Is Your Table?Basic Lighting for Transmission Master HologramsWhat Went Wrong?Backlighting and Background IlluminationSilhouettes and Black HolesSupine SubjectsFrontal IlluminationMultiple-Exposure TechniquesMasters for Rainbow HologramsReflection Master HologramsOptical Fiber Systems for HolographyMultimode FibersSingle-Mode FibersFiber-Optics Holography on LocationPortable Cameras with Pulse LasersReferencesTransfer Reflection Image HologramsParallax in Transfer HologramsReflection Transfer Holograms from Transmission MastersHow to Deal with Weak Master ImagesSide and Underneath Beam Master TransfersRole of the Bragg ConditionTwo-Channel Transfer HologramsHolograms of Stereoscopic Pairs of PhotographsMultichannel ImagesPellicular Collimating MirrorsContact Copying of HologramsContact Copies by ScanningMore Advanced Scanning SystemWhat Went Wrong?White-Light Transmission Transfer and Rainbow HologramsFull-Aperture Transfer HologramsRainbow HologramsGeometry of a Rainbow HologramSlit Width1D Beam ExpanderConvergent Reference BeamMultichannel Rainbow HologramsWhat Went Wrong?Edge-Lit HologramsReferencesHolograms Involving Focusing OpticsDemagnifying and MagnifyingImage Enlargement and ReductionFocused-Image Transmission HologramsLenses for Focused-Image HologramsFocused-Image Reflection HologramsFocused-Image Rainbow HologramsFourier-Transform HologramsReferencesHomemade Optical ElementsLiquid-Filled LensesWorking with Acrylic SheetOne-Dimensional CollimatorsWhat to Do in Case of LeaksOther Sizes and Focal LengthsCalculations for Designing a Liquid-Filled LensTwo-Dimensional Collimating LensesMeasurements for a Collimating LensFocusing LensesHolographic Optical ElementsFocal Length in Holographic Lenses and MirrorsHolographic Diffraction GratingsHolographic LensesHolographic Mirrors and BeamsplittersHolographic Collimating MirrorsAberrations of HOEsMultibeam HOEsReferencesPortraiture and Pulse Laser HolographySafety Considerations for Pulse LasersWorking with a Pulse LaserOptical Components for Pulsed HolographyTypical Layout of Pulse Holography StudioPortraiture in a Pulse StudioCreative Lightning for Pulse PortraiturePulse Laser ExposureDouble and Multiple PulsesOther Pulse Subject MatterProcessing of Pulse Laser HologramsHolography in Natural ColorsEye and Color PerceptionCIE Chromacity DiagramColor Transmission HologramsDenisyuk Holograms in ColorTransfer Hologram Copies in ColorColor AccuracyPortraiture in ColorColor Reproduction in Digitally Printed HologramsPreserving the Color in Color HologramsFuture of Color HolographyReferencesFurther ReadingAchromatic and Pseudocolor HologramsAchromatic White-Light Transmission Transfer HologramsDispersion CompensationColor Image from Dispersion-Compensated WLT HologramsAchromatic Angle for Transmission MastersAchromatic Reflection HologramsPseudocolor HologramsPseudocolor Single-Beam Reflection HologramsPseudocolor H1-H2 Transfer Reflection HologramsColor Registration by PreswellingColor Registration by GeometryHow to Obtain Precise Registration by GeometryPseudocolor White-Light Transmission HologramsObtaining Better Color Registration for WLT HologramOne-Step Pseudocolor WLT HologramsReferencesHolographic StereogramsMultiplexing PrincipleMaking a Multiplexed HologramCylindrical (Cross) StereogramsMaking a Cylindrical Cross StereogramConical StereogramsFlat Image-Plane StereogramsScope of Modern Stereographic ImageryGeometries for Producing Original Image SequencesPerspective and DistortionWide-Angle DistortionAlignment and Spacing of the ImagesLong-Base StereogramsImage RegistrationComputer Control of ImageryMaking the Final TransferDo-It-Yourself Stereographic Holoprinter: Basic ConsiderationsStereogram Masters from Film Transparency Sets or Digitally Projected ImagesStereogram Masters from Photographic PrintsImages from Liquid Crystal Display Screen as Objects for Stereogram MastersMastering and Transferring for Achromatic StereogramsFull-Color StereogramsMastering for Full-Color Stereograms (Red Laser)Transfer for Full-Color StereogramsColor BalanceColor Accuracy: WLT or Reflection?Calculating DistancesPreventing DropoutsComputer Image ProcessingVolume Multiplexed HologramsReferencesDigital Holographic PrintingDirect Writing of Holographic FringesPrinciples of Digital Hologram PrintingMaster-Write Digital Holographic PrintingDirect Master-Write Digital Holographic PrintingDirect-Write Digital Holographic PrintingPixel SwappingDigital Holographic PrinterVirtual 3D Scene Imaging for Holographic PrintingReal Scene Imaging for Holographic PrintingOther ApplicationsReferencesDisplay TechniquesBasic Types of Hologram and Their DisplayDisplaying Holograms at HomeWindow DisplaysDisplays to Accompany Lectures and PresentationsSubmitting Your Holograms for ExhibitionsPacking Your Hologram for Forwarding to an ExhibitionOrganizing an Exhibition of HologramsLighting ArrangementsLight SourcesInstalling the ExhibitsFloor PlanRelevant InformationEnvironmentPhotography of HologramsPhotographing Reflection HologramsPhotographing Transmission HologramsPhotographing Unusual HologramsPresenting Holograms on the InternetViewpoint and ParallaxPrecautions at ExhibitionsUsing Flash at the ExhibitionsCopyrightReferencesEmbossed HologramsOrigination Requirements for Surface Relief OriginalsArtwork for Analog OriginalsAnalog OriginationArtwork for Digital OriginalsDot MatrixImage Matrix MachineryE-Beam LithographyDigital Mastering with Analog TransferDWDH OriginalsCombined TechniquesDepositing the Conductive Layer on the MasterFirst-Generation MasterElectroforming of Final ShimsEmbossing ProcessFurther ReadingReferencesAPPLIED HOLOGRAPHYHolography and MeasurementDirect Measurements Using HolographyPrinciple of Holographic InterferometryReal-Time InterferometryDouble-Exposure InterferometryTime-Average InterferometryStrobed InterferometryVisualization of Fluid FlowsDoubled Illuminating BeamsCamera for Holographic InterferometrySandwich HolographyReference Mirror RotationFringe MeasurementSpeckle InterferometryHolographic ContouringSummary of ApplicationsFurther ReadingReferencesData Storage and Diffractive ElementsWhy Holographic Data Storage?Data ProcessingSpatial Filtering with Fourier-Transform HologramsFourier-Transform Holograms: The PrinciplesImage DeblurringCorrelation FilteringComputer-Generated HologramsApplications of Fourier-Transform CGHsStrategies for Making CGHsCGHs with a Personal ComputerDiffractive Optical ElementsBasic Types of DOEFabrication of DOEsApplications of DOEsFurther ReadingReferencesHolography in Biology and MedicineDental HolographyHistology and PathologyOphthalmic HolographyMultiplexed HologramsHolograms and DiagnosticsReferencesHolographic Motion Pictures and VideoMaking the 3D Image MoveHolographic MoviesElectroholography: Holographic Video and TelevisionTwo Approaches to Holographic VideoThree-Dimensional Scene Acquisition with Four-Wave MixingThree-Dimensional Scene Acquisition with Integral ImagingAcquired 3D Scene Processing for Wavefront-Based DisplaysHoloDis: Display with Subwavelength Light ModulatorsMIT Scophony DisplaysNICT Display SystemSeeReal DisplayQinetiQ DisplayUniversity of Arizona Photorefractive Polymer DisplayZebra Imaging Holographic Motion DisplaysZoetrope and Holographic ProjectionsReferencesOther Applications of HolographyFar-Field HolographyHolomicrographyMicrowave HolographyInfrared HolographyTerahertz HolographyUltraviolet HolographyX-Ray HolographyElectron HolographyAcoustic HolographyLight-in-Flight HolographyPolarization HolographyConoscopic HolographyPseudodeep HologramsSurface-Plasmon HolographyConclusionReferences

Graham Saxby had a career in photography with the Royal Air Force, including seven years as an officer commanding Photographic Science Flight at the RAF Joint School of Photography. Afterwards, he joined what is now the University of Wolverhampton, teaching educational technology to trainee teachers and, later, modern optics in degree courses in applied sciences. This gave him the opportunity to indulge his enthusiasm for holography and to build his own laboratory, where he organized projects. His work in holography earned him an international reputation, and his published material has received a number of prestigious awards. Stanislovas Zacharovas, PhD, is director of Geola Digital uab, which is a premier provider of holographic materials, digital holographic equipment, pulsed lasers, and other related services. He earned his PhD from the Institute of Semiconductor Physics at the Lithuanian Academy of Science with a thesis on magnetic semiconductor photoconductivity. He worked in the SAT and CATV industry before joining Geola in 1998. His scientific research focuses on silver halide photographic emulsions, hologram copying, autostereoscopy, and digital holographic printing and embossed holography for security applications. He has authored and coauthored numerous papers and holds several patents.