Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition

Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition, is a guide to the contemporary aspects of covert criminal investigations and the management of the drug enforcement unit itself. It addresses methods of detection, investigation, surveillance, and capture of drug traffickers as well as identifying methods commonly used by criminals to avoid detection. Thoroughly updated and revised, this edition includes new topics such as the surreptitious monitoring of suspects and entrapment; drug courier profiling; high-tech surveillance with GPS and thermal imaging; raid procedures for clandestine labs; undercover work, risks, and stress; and informant management. Designed as an investigative resource, this edition allows for concurrent initiatives across jurisdictions in the apprehension and prosecution of drug offenders.

Criminal investigation is a dynamic endeavor impacted by changes in human nature, statutory and constitutional laws, and methods of operation. New challenges are constantly posed for the investigator and the investigation of drug offenses is no exception. It takes advanced skills to keep pace with the criminal mind. Unfortunately, the skills acquired in basic police training are just that: basic. In order to stay ahead of their criminal counterparts, drug enforcement officers must seek extensive, ongoing training and knowledge, not just to secure a lawful conviction but to keep themselves and the public safe. This new edition of the bestselling Practical Drug Enforcement provides a thoroughly revised and updated guide to the contemporary aspects of covert criminal investigations and the management of the drug enforcement unit itself. Appealing to a wide variety of law enforcement officers in all jurisdictions, it addresses different methods of detection, investigation, surveillance, and capture of drug traffickers as well as identifies those methods commonly employed by criminals to avoid detection. Drawing from the author’s expertise in the field, and as a nationally recognized consultant, this book contains practical hands-on information for the officer in the street and the administrator coordinating operations. This edition includes new drug identification photos, charts, and updated statistics, as well as an entirely new chapter on the surreptitious monitoring of suspects, entrapment, and “possession with intent” cases. New topics include— Drug courier profiling High-tech surveillance, including GPS and thermal imaging Raid procedures for clandestine labs Drug diversion by physicians and pharmacies Searching, seizing, and handling drug evidence Reverse sting operations Undercover work, risks, and stress Informant management Designed as an investigative resource on current drug enforcement techniques, Practical Drug Enforcement, Third Edition allows law enforcement personnel from a variety of jurisdictions and priorities to maintain concurrent initiatives regarding the identification, apprehension, and prosecution of all known drug offenders and drug traffickers at local and national levels.

Initiation of Drug Investigations: Sources of Information Case Initiation, Target Selection, Receiving Information, Verifying Information, Case Preparation, Budgeting Resources, Other Information Sources Outside Law Enforcement Agencies The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) The U.S. Customs Service The U.S. Marshal Service Other Criminal Justice Agencies Probation and Parole Offices Court Records Prosecutor’s Records Public Service Agencies State Departments of Motor Vehicles Social Service Agencies Medical Examiner’s Office City or State Licensing Departments Tax Departments Departments of Highways or Roads Health Departments Sanitation Departments Boards of Education Practical Drug Enforcement Private Sector Sources Telephone/Cellular Phone Companies Public Utility Companies Banks Credit Agencies Telegraph Companies Other Sources Undercover Intelligence Trashing Summary Suggested Readings Undercover Operations Preparing for Undercover Assignments Personnel The Roles of Officers Equipment Standard-Issue Police Equipment Special Equipment Vehicles Radios Recording Devices Undercover Identification Weapons Working Undercover The Cover Story Protecting the Undercover Officer’s Cover Infiltration Drug-Buy Operations Preparations Hazards The Buy–Walk Procedure The Buy–Bust Procedure Location of the Buy Outdoor Locations Indoor Locations Precautions Planning the Drug Buy Prebuy Planning Postbuy Planning The Flash-Roll Conspiracy Investigations Element One: The Agreement Element Two: The Overt Act Types of Conspiracies The Chain Conspiracy The Wheel Conspiracy The Enterprise Conspiracy Forfeiture Sanctions Sharing Provisions of Federal Forfeiture Laws The Vehicle Indemnity Form Identification of Drug Evidence Narcotics Narcotics of Natural Origin Opium Morphine Codeine Semisynthetic Narcotics Heroin Hydromorphone Oxycodone Hydrocodone Synthetic Narcotics Oxycontin Meperidine Dextropropoxyphene Fentanyl 5 Narcotic Treatment Drugs Methadone LAAM Stimulants Cocaine Street Terms: Cocaine Amphetamines Methamphetamine Khat Depressants Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Rohypnol Rohypnol and Drug-Facilitated Rape Practical Drug Enforcement Gamma Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) GHB and Drug-Facilitated Rape Chloral Hydrate Cannabis Marijuana Bongs Hashish Hashish Oil Hallucinogens LSD Peyote and Mescaline New Hallucinogens MDMA (Ecstasy) and other Phenethylamines Raves Phencyclidine and Related Drugs Ketamine Informant Management Who Becomes an Informant? Types of Informants Psychological Motivations of Informants The Fear Motivation The Revenge Motivation The Perverse Motivation The Mercenary Motivation The Repentance Motivation The Egotistical Motivation The Unwitting Informant Informant Interviews Contracting an Informant Method of Payment Expenditures of Official Drug Funds Criminal Activity by the Informant The Cooperating Individual Agreement Informant Payments Use of Female Informants by Male Officers Statement of Officer-Informant Relationship Informant Statements Procedures for Drug Purchases Inside Drug Buys Multiple Drug Buys Controlled Drug Buys (Informant Drug Buys) Mutual Agreements and Understandings The Cover Story Method of Introduction Negotiating Amounts Time of Day Manipulation of Funds Protection of Informant Identity Wilson v. United States Special Informant Problems The Informant with “Cold Feet” The Informant and the Target’s Right to Counsel Other Problems with Informants Officer-Informant Relationships Informants of the Opposite Sex Crimes Committed by the Informant Officers Who “Own” Their Informants The Informant in the Courtroom The Controlled Drug Purchase Surveillance Operations Preparing for the Surveillance Foot Surveillance One-Man Surveillance Two-Man Surveillance ABC Method Progressive or “Leapfrog” Method Difficulties in Surveillance Operations Vehicle Surveillance Fixed Surveillance Electronic Surveillance Audio Surveillance Bumper Beepers Wiretaps Passive Monitoring Video and Photo Surveillance Undercover Apartments Surveillance of Undercover Personnel Stakeouts Preparation Practical Drug Enforcement Personnel Selection Equipment Briefings Assignment of Duties Team Planning Training Communications Deployment Stakeout Postevent Procedures Foot Pursuits Satellite-Assisted Surveillance Thermal Imaging The Mechanics of Thermal Imaging Thermal Imaging Applications Structure Profiles Disturbed Services/Hidden Compartments Legal Limitations of Thermal Imaging Serving High-Risk Warrants Classifying High-Risk Warrants Step One: Planning Step Two: Briefing Step Three: Execution Step Four: Critique Booby Traps Exterior Booby Traps Safety Precautions Types of Traps The Punji Pit The Foot Breaker The Trotline The Mousetrap Interior Booby Traps Safety Precautions Types of Traps Magazine Bomb Hot Light Armstrong’s Mixture Other Weapons Drug Raid Procedures Checklist for Raid Preparation The Raid Leader Tactical Considerations External Control Methods Immediate Reaction Maneuver L-Shaped Clearance Maneuver L-Shaped Sweep Maneuver Internal Control Methods The Wraparound Entry Method The Crisscross Entry Method The High-Risk Entry Method The Final Raid Report Drug Enforcement and the Patrol Officer Patrol Enforcement of Drug Violations Intelligence Gathering Street Observations Unrelated Arrests Open-Air Drug Markets and Police Patrol Open-Air Drug Markets Drug Dealer Profiles The Jamaican Drug Operation Case Study Patrol Response to Open-Air Markets The Coordinated Response Conducting Area and Vehicle Searches Interdicting Drugs in Transit Major Transportation Routes Identifying Drug Couriers Observing the Behavior of Drug Couriers Investigative Stops Using Drug Courier Profiles Profiling: The Legal Environment Clandestine Laboratories Safety Considerations Identifying Laboratory Operations Investigation Techniques Seizure and Forfeiture Health and Safety Regulations Practical Drug Enforcement Chemicals Found in Laboratories Hazardous Chemicals Conducting a Laboratory Raid Contamination Prevention and Decontamination Controlling Precursor Chemicals Pharmaceutical Diversion Drug Control Legislation Drug Types and Regulations Diversion Tactics Physician Investigations Doctors Who Divert Drugs Nurses Who Divert Drugs Drug Theft Substituting Drugs Undercover “Patients” Medical License Control Prescription Clinics Stress and Pain Clinics Pharmacy Investigations Prescription Forgeries Punishment of Violators Professional Patients (the “Scammer) The Fat Lady Scam The Breast Cancer Scam The Toothache Scam The Altered Scrip Scam The Phantom Refill Scam The Drug Audit Problems in Diversion Investigations Special Enforcement Operations Marijuana Cultivation Growing Marijuana Commercial Grade Sinsemilla Indoor Growing Operations Cloning Hydroponics Evidence of Marijuana Cultivation Domestic Eradication Smuggling Investigations Air Smuggling Aircrafts for Smuggling Aircraft Data Plates Search of a Typical Light Plane Search of Commercial Aircraft The Pilots Ground Smuggling Search of a Typical Automobile Reverse Sting Operations Planning the Reverse Sting Manpower Considerations Conducting the Sting Legal Considerations in Drug Enforcement Operations Surreptitious Monitoring of Suspect’s Conversations Types of Surreptitiously Monitored Statements Fourth Amendment Challenges Fifth Amendment Challenges Sixth Amendment Challenges Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel in Police Car and in Interrogation Room Monitoring Scenarios Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel in Jail Monitoring Scenarios The Sixth Amendment Right to Counsel in the “Unrelated Charge” Monitoring of Suspects in