Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids

Developed in conjunction with several oil companies using experimental data for real reservoir fluids, Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids introduces industry standard methods for modeling the phase behavior of petroleum reservoir fluids at different stages in the process. Keeping mathematics to a minimum, this book discusses sampling, characterization, compositional analyses, and equations of state used to simulate various pressure–volume–temperature (PVT) properties of reservoir fluids. Featuring new figures, references, and updates throughout, this Second Edition: Adds simulation results for PVT data obtained with the PC-SAFT equation Describes routine and EOR PVT experiments with enhanced procedural detail Expands coverage of sampling, compositional analyses, and measurement of PVT data Phase Behavior of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids, Second Edition supplies a solid understanding of the phase behavior of the various fluids present in a petroleum reservoir, providing practical knowledge essential for achieving optimal design and cost-effective operations in a petroleum processing plant.

Preface, 2nd Edition About the Authors Petroleum Reservoir Fluids Reservoir Fluid Constituents Properties of Reservoir Fluid Constituents Phase Envelopes Classification of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids References Sampling, Quality Control, and Compositional Analyses Fluid Sampling Quality Control of Fluid Samples Bottom Hole/Wellhead Samples Separator Samples Compositional Analyses Gas Chromatography TBP Analysis Reservoir Fluid Composition from Bottom Hole Sample Reservoir Fluid Composition from Separator Samples Mud-Contaminated Samples References PVT Experiments Routine PVT Experiments Constant-Mass Expansion Experiment Differential Liberation Experiment Constant-Volume Depletion Experiment Separator Test Viscosity Experiment EOR PVT Experiments Solubility Swelling Test Equilibrium Contact Experiment Multi-Contact Experiment Slim Tube Experiment Gas Revaporization Experiment References Equations of State Van Der Waals Equation Redlich–Kwong Equation Soave–Redlich–Kwong Equation Peng–Robinson Equation Peneloux Volume Correction Other Cubic Equations of State Equilibrium Calculations Nonclassical Mixing Rules PC–SAFT Equation Other Equations of State References C7+ Characterization Classes of Components Defined Components C7+ Fractions Plus Fraction Binary Interaction Coefficients Lumping Delumping Mixing of Multiple Fluids Characterizing of Multiple Compositions to the Same Pseudocomponents Heavy Oil Compositions Heavy Oil Reservoir Fluid Compositions Characterization of Heavy Oil Mixture PC-SAFT Characterization Procedure References Flash and Phase Envelope Calculations Pure Component Vapor Pressures from Cubic Equations of State Mixture Saturation Points from Cubic Equations of State Flash Calculations Stability Analysis Solving the Flash Equations Multiphase PT-Flash Three Phase PT-Flash with a Pure Water Phase Other Flash Specifications Phase Envelope Calculations Phase Identification References PVT Simulation Constant Mass Expansion Constant Volume Depletion Differential Liberation Separator Test Solubility Swelling Test Pvt Simulations with PC-SAFT EOS What to Expect from A PVT Simulation References Physical Properties Density Enthalpy Internal Energy Entropy Heat Capacity Joule–Thomson Coefficient Velocity of Sound Example Calculations References Regression to Experimental PVT Data Shortcomings of Parameter Regression Volume Translation Parameter Tc, Pc, and Acentric Factor of C7+ Fractions Regressing on Coefficients in Property Correlations Object Functions and Weight Factors Example of Regression for Gas Condensate Tuning on Single Pseudocomponent Properties Near-Critical Fluids Fluids Characterized to the Same Pseudocomponents EOR PVT Data Original Reservoir Fluid Composition from Depleted Sample Numerical Example Depleted Oil and Shale Reservoir Fluid Samples References Transport Properties Viscosity Corresponding States Viscosity Models Adaptation of Corresponding States Viscosity Model to Heavy Oils Lohrenz–Bray–Clark Method Other Viscosity Models Viscosity Data and Simulation Results Thermal Conductivity Data and Simulation Results for Thermal Conductivity Gas/Oil Surface Tension Models for Interfacial Tension Data and Simulation Results for Interfacial Tensions Diffusion Coefficients References Wax Formation Experimental Studies of Wax Precipitation Thermodynamic Description of Melting of a Pure Component Modeling of Wax Precipitation Activity Coefficient Approach Ideal Solid Solution Wax Models Wax PT Flash Calculations Viscosity of Oil–Wax Suspensions Wax Inhibitors References Asphaltenes Experimental Techniques for Studying Asphaltene Precipitation Quantification of Amount of Asphaltenes Detection of Asphaltene Onset Points Experimental Data for Asphaltene Onset Pressures Asphaltene Models Models Based on Cubic Equation of State Polymer Solution Models Thermodynamic–Colloidal Model PC–SAFT Model Other Asphaltene Models Asphaltene Tar Mat Calculation References Gas Hydrates Types of Hydrates Modeling of Hydrate Formation Hydrate Inhibitors Hydrate Simulation Results Hydrate P/T Flash Calculations Hydrate Fugacities Flash Simulation Technique References Compositional Variations with Depth Theory of Isothermal Reservoir Depth Gradient Calculations for Isothermal Reservoirs Theory of Non-isothermal Reservoir Absolute Enthalpies Examples: Calculations on Reservoir Fluids References Minimum Miscibility Pressure Three-Component Mixtures MMP of Multicomponent Mixtures First Contact MMP Tie Line Approach Immiscible Systems Cell-to-Cell Simulation References Formation Water and Hydrate Inhibitors Hydrocarbon–Water Phase Equilibrium Models Approach of Kabadi and Danner Asymmetric Mixing Rules Huron and Vidal Mixing Rule Phase Equilibria for Hydrocarbon–Salt Water Association Models Experimental Hydrocarbon–Water Phase Equilibrium Data Water Properties Viscosity of Water–Inhibitor Mixtures Properties of Salt Water Oil–Water Emulsion Viscosities Phase Envelopes of Hydrocarbon–Aqueous Mixtures References Scale Precipitation Criteria for Salt Precipitation Equilibrium Constants Activity Coefficients Solution Procedure Example Calculations References Appendix: Fundamentals on Phase Equilibrium First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics Fundamental Thermodynamic Relations Phase Equilibrium Fugacities and Fugacity Coefficients Index

Karen Schou Pedersen holds a Ph.D in liquid physics from the Department of Physical Chemistry at the Technical University of Denmark. She has worked as a research associate at the Physics Department at Edinburgh University and at the nuclear research center, Institut Laue-Langevin, in Grenoble. She has been the managing director of Calsep A/S since 1984 and has been responsible for several R & D projects within reservoir fluid modeling and flow assurance. She is the author of more than 50 publications on oil and gas properties. Peter L. Christensen holds a Ph.D from the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark. He started his career in oil and gas technology at Risø National Laboratories in Denmark focusing on studies in the fields of reservoir simulation and PVT. He has been an associate professor at the Technical University of Denmark and lectured in thermodynamics, unit operations, and oil and gas technology. He is currently a senior principal consultant at Calsep A/S. Jawad Azeem Shaikh holds an M.Sc in petroleum technology from the University of Pune in India. He has been the regional manager and principal consultant of Calsep FZ-LLC in Dubai since 2009 and has been responsible for the project including lab coordination, designing of enhanced oil recovery studies, and equation of state modeling work of oil and gas properties. Before joining Calsep, he was an advanced studies supervisor for Core Laboratories International B.V. He has authored several papers and articles on sampling, PVT lab work, and oil and gas properties.