Performance Under Stress

The world is a dangerous place and recent events have served to make it less safe. There are many arenas of conflict and even combat across the world. Such situations are the quintessential expression of stress; you stand in imminent danger and live with the knowledge that you may be attacked, injured or even killed at any moment. How do people perform under these conditions? How do they keep a heightened level of vigilance when nothing may happen in their immediate location for weeks or even months? What happens when the bullets actually start flying? How is it you distinguish friend from foe, and each from innocent bystanders when in immediate peril of your life? Can we design technology to help people make good decisions in these ultimately hazardous situations? To what degree does your membership in a team act to dissipate these particular effects? Can we generate sufficiently stressful field exercises to simulate these conditions and can we train and/or select those most able to withstand such adverse conditions? How will the next generation of servicemen deal with these inherent problems? These are the sorts of questions that Performance Under Stress addresses. This book is derived largely from a multiple-year, multiple university initiative (MURI) on stress and soldier performance on the modern, electronic battlefield. It involved leading researchers from many institutions who have brought their individual expertise to bear on these crucial, contemporary concerns. United by a common research framework, these groups attacked the issue from different methodological and conceptual approaches, ranging from traditional laboratory modeling and experimentation, to realistic simulations; from involved field exercises to personal experiences of actual combat conditions. The insights generated have been distilled and presented as a benchmark of current understanding and provide future directions for research in this arena. Although this work focuses on soldier stress and soldier performance, the principles that are derived extend well beyond this single application. Their findings can be applied to people facing the demands of the business world or research as much as to those who meet life or death situations, such as homeland security, first responders, and law enforcement personnel.

List of Figures, List of Tables, Preface, Foreword, 1 Stress and Performance, 2 Contemporary and Future Battlefields: Soldier Stresses and Performance, 3 Mitigating the Adverse Effects of Workload, Stress, and Fatigue with Adaptive Automation, 4 Concentration, Stress and Performance, 5 Remote Command and Control, Trust, Stress, and Soldier Performance, 6 Changes in Soldier’s Information Processing Capability under Stress, 7 Vigilance, Workload, and Stress, 8 Temporal Regulation and Temporal Cognition: Biological and Psychological Aspects of Time Stress, 9 Positive Psychology: Adaptation, Leadership, and Performance in Exceptional Circumstances, 10 Stress and Teams: How Stress Affects Decision Making at the Team Level, 11 Mitigating the Effects of Stress through Cognitive Readiness, 12 Fatigue and its Effect on Performance in Military Environments, 13 Multi-Modal Information Display under Stress, 14 Stress Exposure Training: An Event-Based Approach, 15 Augmenting Multi-Cultural Collaboration, 16 Individual Differences in Stress Reaction, 17 Stress and Performance: Experiences from Iraq, Index

Peter A. Hancock is Provost Distinguished Research Professor in the Department of Psychology, the Institute for Simulation and Training, and at the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Central Florida, USA. He currently holds a courtesy appointment as a Research Scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and as an Adjunct Senior Research Scientist at the Transportation Institute of the University of Michigan. Dr. James L. Szalma is an assistant professor in the Psychology Department, and is the director of the Performance Research Laboratory (PeRL), at the University of Central Florida.