Pediatric Ultrasonography

The aim of this work was not an exhaustive review of all pediatric echo graphic problems but a presentation of our daily experience with ultrasonography in pediatric practice. Several teams of pediatric radiologists from France and Belgium have combined their experiences to produce a practical book. The different authors have been chosen for their specific experience and their special area of work. The different chapters express therefore personal opinions. Unresolved questions are posed and ultrasonographic examinations are used in the diagnosis of different diseases, while the discoveries and ideas of the individual authors are described. Some fields are not included, such as echocardiography. Gabriel Kalifa Contents Chapter 1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . Introduction ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy ...................... 1 2.1 Timing of Successive Examinations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2.2 Normal Fetal Anatomy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.2.1 Central Nervous System .......................... 3 2.2.2 Chest........................................... 3 2.2.3 Abdomen....................................... 3 2.2.4 Skeletal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . .

1. Antenatal Diagnosis by Ultrasonography.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrasonography of a Normal Pregnancy.- 3 Abnormal Pregnancies.- 4 What to do in Case of Fetal Malformation.- 5 Implications of the Diagnosis.- 6 Conclusions.- 2. Ultrasonography of the Head in Infancy.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Instruments.- 3 Normal Echoencephalographic Anatomy.- 4 Cerebral Hemorrhages.- 5 Cerebral Infectious Pathology.- 6 Intracranial Tumor Pathology.- 7 Cerebral Malformations.- 3. Cervical Echography.- 1 Technique and Normal Anatomy.- 2 Thyroid Pathology.- 3 Parathyroid Pathology.- 4 Other Cervical Masses.- 4. Chest.- 1 Material.- 2 Technique.- 3 Indications.- 4 Conclusions.- 5. Intraperitoneal Pathology — Abdominal Trauma.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Preparation and Technique.- 3 Diagnosis of an Abdominal Mass.- 4 Acute Abdominal Pain with High Temperature.- 5 Abdominal Trauma.- 6 Some Specific Indications.- 6. Liver, Biliary Tract, and Spleen.- 1 Normal Anatomy on US.- 2 Portal Hypertension.- 3 Hepatic Tumors.- 4 Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.- 5 Metabolic Diseases.- 6 Abdominal Traumatism.- 7 Cardiac Liver.- 8 Splenomegaly.- 9 Biliary Tract.- 7. Pancreas.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Measurements.- 3 Pancreatitis.- 4 Exocrine Pancreas Insufficiency.- 5 Traumatic Pseudocysts.- 6 Pancreatic Tumors.- 7 Conclusion.- 8. Urinary Tract Abnormalities.- 1 Investigation of the Urinary Tract.- 2 The Normal Kidney.- 3 Aplasia, Ectopia, and Fused Kidneys.- 4 Malformative Uropathies.- 9. Ultrasound in Pediatric Nephrology.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Technical Considerations and Normal Anatomy.- 3 Acute Renal Failure.- 4 Chronic Renal Failure.- 10. Retroperitoneal Tumors.- 1 Material.- 2 Technical Aspects.- 3 Malignant Tumors.- 4 Benign Tumors.- 5 Differential Diagnosis.- 11. Pelvic Echography.- 1 Technique.- 2 NormalEchographic Anatomy.- 3 Sexual Ambiguities.- 4 Precocious Puberty.- 5 Delayed Puberty.- 6 Menstrual Problems.- 7 Pelvic Masses.- 8 Congenital Malformations.- 12. Ultrasound of the Scrotum.- 1 Technique.- 2 Material.- 3 Comments.- 13. Ultrasound of the Spine.- 1 Technical Aspects.- 2 Results.