Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, and Ultrafast Phenomena with X-Rays Physics with X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers

Nonlinear Optics, Quantum Optics, and Ultrafast Phenomena with X-Rays is an introduction to cutting-edge science that is beginning to emerge on state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation facilities and will come to flourish with the x-ray free-electron lasers currently being planned.

It is intended for the use by scientists at synchrotron radiation facilities working with the combination of x-rays and lasers and those preparing for the science at x-ray free-electron lasers. In the past decade synchrotron radiation sources have experienced a tremendous increase in their brilliance and other figures of merit.

This progress, driven strongly by the scientific applications, is still going on and may actually be accelerating with the advent of x-ray free-electron lasers. As a result, a confluence of x-ray and laser physics is taking place, due to the increasing importance of laser concepts, such as coherence and nonlinear optics to the x-ray community and the importance of x-ray optics to the laser-generation of ultrashort pulses of x-rays.

1 X-Ray Sources.- 1 Introduction.- 2 X-Ray Tubes.- 3 Laser-Driven Sources.- 4 Synchrotrons and Storage Rings.- 5 Pulse Slicing and Ultrafast Thomson Scattering.- 6 Energy-Recovering Linacs.- 7 X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers.- 8 Comparison of Sources.- 2 Nonlinear Optics of Free Electrons.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Relativistic Electrons in Electromagnetic Waves.- 3 Dynamical Diffraction.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Linear Perfect Crystal Theory.- 3 Extended Takagi-Taupin Theory.- 4 Nonlinear Dynamical Diffraction from Free Electrons.- 5 Appendix.- 4 Ultrafast Diffractive X-Ray Optics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Laser-Induced Changes in Crystal Diffractive Properties.- 3 Bragg Reflection.- 4 Laue Transmission.- 5 Parametric Down Converion.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experiments.- 3 Potential Applications.- 4 Experimental Issues.- 5 Summary.- 6 Appendix.- 6 Laser Pump, X-Ray Probe Spectroscopy on GaAs.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Physics Background.- 3 The Experiment.- 4 Results.- 5 Discussion.- 6 Experimental Issues.- 7 Potential Applications.- 7 Ultrafast structural changes induced by femtosecond laser pulses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Theory.- 3 Ultrafast nonequilibrium graphitization of diamond.- 4 Ablation mechanisms in graphite.- 5 Nonequilibrium melting and ablation of carbon.- 6 Ablation of silicon.- 7 Laserinduced melting of a C60 molecular crystal.- 8 Fragmentation of nanotubes.- 9 Summary.- 8 Ultrafast Lattice Dynamics.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Experimental Setup.- 3 Theory of Time-Resolved X-Ray Diffraction.- 4 Wave-vector Matching Considerations.- 5 Generation of coherent displacements.- 6 Extension to Finite Electron-Phonon Coupling Times.- 7 Experimental Results.- 8 Extraction of Electron-Phonon Coupling Times.- 9 High Fluence Results.- 10 Coherent Control.- 11 Control of the Diffraction Efficiency of a Crystal.- 12 Conclusion.- 9 Seeing Sound: Measuring acoustic pulse propagation with x-rays.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Ultrafast Strain Generation.- 3 The X-ray Source.- 4 Ultrafast Laser.- 5 Time-resolved x-ray Bragg diffraction.- 6 Time-resolved Laue diffraction.- 7 Summary and Acknowledgements.- 10 Time-dependent dynamical diffraction theory for phonon-type distortions.- 1 Introduction.- 2 The generalised Takagi-Taupin equation.- 3 Comparison with classical Takagi-Taupin theory.- 4 Coherent phonons and selection rules.- 5 Perturbative analytical solution.- 6 Numerical solution of the generalised Takagi-Taupin equation.- 7 High spatial frequency phonons.- 11 Nonlinear Response Functions for X-Ray Laser Pulses.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Nonlinear response functions: general formalism.- 3 Applications.- 4 Event rates and cross sections.- 5 Conclusions.- 6 Acknowledgments.- 7 Appendix.- References.