Multicellular Animals Volume II: The Phylogenetic System of the Metazoa

Those who wish for permanence in classifi­ cation must pay the price of stasis - as if for­ ever condemned to confound whales with fish. M. T. Ghiselin 1981, p. 283 Scientific argument is a debate concerned with the solution of unresolved problems. Before continuing with the phylogenetic system of the Metazoa this foreword gives me the opportunity to discuss some controversial ques­ tions, to state selected positions more precisely and to remedy omissions. I would like to draw special attention to serious problems for phylogenetic systematics resulting from the inevitable confrontation with the current rules of nomenclature 1. In carrying out this debate, I hope not to lose the goodwill of those readers who are experts within the first few pages. A textbook for students? - Critics who ask that question and answer in the negative probably underestimate the open-mindedness of young people who are not troubled by, or can easily free themselves from, the restraints and arbitrariness of traditional classifications - and to whom systematics is offered as a scientific product in such a form that arguments for every single decision are comprehensible and checkable and can therefore be fully analyzed.

Trochozoa.- Lacunifera.- Kamptozoa — Mollusca.- Aplacophora — Eumollusca.- Solenogastres — Caudofoveata.- Polyplacophora — Conchifera.- Neopilinida — Ganglioneura.- Rhacopoda — Ancyropoda.- Gastropoda — Cephalopoda.- Scaphopoda — Bivalvia.- Sipunculida — Articulata.- Annelida — Arthropoda.- Polychaeta — Clitellata.- Scolecida — Palpata.- Aciculata — Canalipalpata.- Branchiobdellida — Hirudinea.- Acanthobdella peledina — Autobdella.- Rhynchobdellida — Arhynchobdellida.- Onychophora — Euarthropoda.- Chelicerata — Mandibulata.- Pantopoda — Euchelicerata.- Xiphosura — Arachnida.- Scorpiones — Lipoctena.- Megoperculata — Apulmonata.- Uropygi — Labellata.- Amblypygi — Araneae.- Mesothelae — Opisthothelae.- Mygalomorphae — Araneomorphae.- Palaeocribellatae — Neocribellatae.- Austrochiloidea — Araneoclada.- Haplogynae — Entelegynae.- Palpigradi — Holotracheata.- Haplocnemata — ? Cryptoperculata.- Pseudoscorpiones — Solifugae.- Opiliones — Acarinomorpha.- Ricinulei — Acari.- Crustacea — Tracheata.- Remipedia — Eucrustacea.- Thoracopoda — Maxillopoda.- Cephalocarida — Phyllopodomorpha.- Anostraca — Ostraca.- Phyllopoda — Malacostraca.- Onychura — Notostraca.- Cyclestheria hislopi — Cladocera.- Leptostraca — Eumalacostraca.- Stomatopoda — Caridoida.- Decapoda — Xenommacarida.- Syncarida — N. N. (Euphausiacea, Pancarida+Peracarida).- N. N.: Euphausiacea, Pancarida+Peracarida.- Pancarida — Peracarida.- Copepodomorpha — Progonomorpha.- Copepoda — Mystacocarida.- Tantulocarida — Thecostracomorpha.- Thecostraca — Ostracoda.- Ascothoracida — Cirripedia.- Myriapoda — Insecta.- Chilopoda — Progoneata.- Geophilomorpha — Heteroterga.- Scolopendromorpha — Triakontapoda.-Craterostigmomorpha — Gonopodophora.- Lithobiomorpha — Scutigeromorpha.- Symphyla — Dignatha.- Pauropoda — Diplopoda.- Penicillata — Chilognatha.- Pentazonia — Helminthomorpha.- Entognatha — Ectognatha.- Diplura — Ellipura.- Protura — Collembola.- Archaeognatha — Dicondylia.- Zygentoma — Pterygota.- Palaeoptera — Neoptera.- Ephemeroptera — Odonata.- Plecoptera — N. N. (All Other Neoptera).- Paurometabola — Eumetabola.- Embioptera — Orthopteromorpha.- Blattopteriformia — Orthopteroidea.- Notoptera — N. N. (All Other Roach-Like Paurometabola).- Dermaptera — Dictyoptera.- Mantodea — Blattodea.- Saltatoria — Phasmatodea.- Ensifera — Caelifera.- Paraneoptera — Holometabola.- Zoraptera — Acercaria.- Psocodea — Condylognatha.- “Psocoptera” — Phthiraptera.- Thysanoptera — Hemiptera.- Aphidomorpha — Psyllomorpha.- Cicadomorpha — N. N. (Fulgoromorpha+Heteropteroidea).- N. N.: Fulgoromorpha+Heteropteroidea.- Coleorrhyncha — Heteroptera.- Neuropteriformia — Mecopteriformia.- Neuropteroidea — Coleopteroidea.- Planipennia — N. N. (Megaloptera+Raphidioptera).- N. N.: Megaloptera+Raphidioptera.- Coleoptera — ? Strepsiptera.- Hymenoptera — Mecopteroidea.- Amphiesmenoptera — Antliophora.- Trichoptera — Lepidoptera.- N. N. (Mecoptera+Siphonaptera) — Diptera.- References.