MOS Switched-Capacitor and Continuous-Time Integrated Circuits and Systems Analysis and Design

The purpose of this book is to present analysis and design principles, procedures and techniques of analog integrated circuits which are to be implemented in MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) technology. MOS technology is becoming dominant in the realization of digital systems, and its use for analog circuits opens new pos­ sibilities for the design of complex mixed analog/digital VLSI (very large scale in­ tegration) chips. Although we are focusing attention in this book principally on circuits and systems which can be implemented in CMOS technology, many con­ siderations and structures are of a general nature and can be adapted to other promising and emerging technologies, namely GaAs (Gallium Arsenide) and BI­ MOS (bipolar MOS, i. e. circuits which combine both bipolar and CMOS devices) technology. Moreover, some of the structures and circuits described in this book can also be useful without integration. In this book we describe two large classes of analog integrated circuits: • switched capacitor (SC) networks, • continuous-time CMOS (unswitched) circuits. SC networks are sampled-data systems in which electric charges are transferred from one point to another at regular discrete intervals of time and thus the signal samples are stored and processed. Other circuits belonging to this class of sampled-data systems are charge transfer devices (CTD) and charge coupled dev­ ices (CCD). In contrast to SC circuits, continuous-time CMOS circuits operate continuously in time. They can be considered as subcircuits or building blocks (e. g.

1. Fundamentals of Sampled-Data Systems.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Sampled-Data Signals and Systems and Their Representations.- 1.2.1. Classification of Signals.- 1.2.2. Systems.- 1.3. Review of Laplace Transforms.- 1.4. Review of the Theory of z-Transforms and Their use in the Analysis of Sampled-Data Systems.- 1.4.1. Definition and Properties.- 1.4.2. Evaluation of the Inverse z-Transform.- 1.4.3. Z-Transforms and Difference Equations.- 1.4.4. Systems with Non-Synchronous Sampling: the Modified (Non-Standard) z-Transform.- 1.5. Representation of Sampled-Data Systems by Block-Diagrams and Signal-Flow Graphs.- 1.6. Review of Fourier Transforms and Frequency Responses.- 1.6.1. Frequency Response of Sampled-Data Systems, Discrete-Time Fourier Transform.- 1.6.2. Properties of DTFT.- 1.6.3. Discrete Fourier Transform.- 1.6.4. The Relationship Between Time-Continuous Sampled and Discrete-Time Signals in the Frequency- and Time-Domain.- 1.6.5. The Sampling Theorem.- 1.7. Reconstruction of Signals.- 1.7.1. Zero-Order Sample- and-Hold Element.- 1.7.2. First-Order Sample- and-Hold Element with Correction.- 1.7.3. The Piecewise Linear Interpolator.- 1.8. Mapping Between the s-Plane and the z-Plane.- 1.8.1. Poles and Zeros; Relations Between Signals and Location of Poles and Zeros.- 1.8.2. Sampled-Data Simulation of Analog Systems: s- z-Transformation.- References and Sources for Further Reading.- 2. MOS Devices for Linear Analog Integrated Circuits.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. The MOS Transistor Operation and Modeling.- 2.2.1. Physical Structure and Operation Principles.- 2.2.2. DC Characteristics of MOS Transistors — Large Signal Modeling.- 2.2.3. Body Effect.- 2.2.4. Channel Length Modulation.- 2.2.5. Effective Mobility Reduction and Series Resistance Effect.- 2.2.6. MOSFET Model in the Subthreshold (Weak Inversion) Region.- 2.2.7. A Compact Model of MOS Transistors with Small Geometry.- 2.2.8. A Small Signal Equivalent Model of MOS Transistors.- 2.3. Noise in MOS Transistors.- 2.4. MOS Switches.- 2.5. MOS Capacitors.- 2.6. Basic MOS Analog Subcircuits.- 2.6.1. MOS Bias Voltage Circuits.- 2.6.2. MOS Current Sources.- 2.6.3. Inverter and Cascode Amplifying Stages.- 2.6.4. Composite MOS Transistor Operating in Saturation.- 2.7. CMOS Voltage-to-Current Transducers.- 2.8. MOS Operational Amplifiers: Basic Parameters and Properties.- 2.9. CMOS Operational Amplifier Architecture.- 2.9.1. Differential Gain Stages.- 2.9.2. CMOS Two-Stage Operational Amplifiers.- 2.9.3. Single-Stage Operational Amplifiers.- Reference and Sources for Further Reading.- 3. Basic Properties and Systematic Analysis of Switched-Capacitor Networks.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Brief History and Recent Developments in SC Filters.- 3.3. Description and Representation of SC Circuits in the Time Domain.- 3.4. Systematic Analysis of SC Networks in the z-Domain.- 3.4.1. Models of Bi-Phase Switched Capacitors in the z-Domain.- 3.4.2. Nodal Admittance Matrix Approach for the Analysis of SC Networks.- 3.4.3. Representation of SC Networks by Signal-Flow Graphs.- 3.4.4. Some Illustrative Examples.- 3.4.5. Analysis of Multiphase SC Networks.- 3.5. Analysis of SC Networks in the Frequency Domain.- 3.6. Computer-Aided Analysis (Simulation) of SC Networks.- References and Sources for Futher Reading.- 4. Basic Building Blocks of Linear SC Networks.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Sample- and-Hold Circuits.- 4.3. SC Analog Delay Circuits.- 4.4. SC Voltage-Gain Amplifiers, Summing Amplifiers and Instrumentation Amplifiers.- 4.5. SC Integrators.- 4.5.1. Standard SC Integrators.- 4.5.2. SC Integrators with Improved Performance for High Frequency Applications.- 4.5.3. Reduction of Capacitances Ratios in SC Integrators.- 4.5.4. Simulation of SC Integrators and Other Building Blocks Using Unit Elements.- 4.6. SC Differentiators.- 4.7. SC First-Order Building Blocks.- 4.8. SC Decimators and Interpolators.- 4.9. Digitally Programmable Capacitors.- References and Sources for Further Reading.- 5. Synthesis and Design of SC Filters.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Review of Types of Filters.- 5.3. Biquadratic Filter Synthesis and Design — Second Order SC Sections.- 5.3.1. Basic Properties of Biquads.- 5.3.2. Types of Biquad Filters.- 5.3.3. A Family of SC Biquad Building Blocks.- 5.3.4. Biquads for High Frequency SC Filters.- 5.4. Design Techniques for SC Ladder Filters.- 5.4.1. Prototype Filters.- 5.4.2. The Approximate Design of Ladder SC Filters.- 5.4.3. An Exact Design Technique for SC Ladder Filters.- 5.5. Design of Wave-SC Filters.- 5.5.1. Introduction of Basic Principles.- 5.5.2. Derivation of Wave Flow Graphs for Basic Circuit Elements.- 5.5.3. Wire Interconnections and their Simulation by Adaptors.- 5.5.4. Equivalence Transformations and Their Applications in the Derivation of Wave Flow Diagrams.- 5.5.5. Switched-Capacitor Implementation of Basic Building Blocks Involving Adaptors.- References and Sources for Further Reading.- 6. Design of Adaptive and Nonlinear Analog CMOS Circuits: Building Block Approach.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. SC integrators and summing amplifiers with controlled gains.- 6.3. Voltage Comparators.- 6.4. Schmitt triggers.- 6.5. MOS Rectifiers.- 6.6. Zero-Crossing Detector and Control Pulse Generator.- 6.7. Balanced Modulators and Synchronous Demodulators.- 6.8. SC Multiplier-Dividers Based on Time-Division Concepts.- 6.9. Design and Some Applications of the SC Generalized Integrator.- 6.10. Time-Function Generation.- 6.10.1. Triangular/square-wave generators.- 6.10.2. Exponential Time-Function Generators.- 6.10.3. Sine-Wave Generations.- 6.11. SC Phase-Locked Loop (PLL).- 6.12. Design of SC Function Generators.- 6.12.1. Piecewise-Linear Function Generator.- 6.12.2. Function Generators Employing Sampling and Time-Division Principles.- 6.13. Voltage Controlled MOSFET Resistors and Transconductors and Some of Their Applications.- 6.14. CMOS Realization of Continuous-Time Multiplier-Dividers, Convolvers and Correlators.- 6.15. Generation of Continuous-Time MOSFET- C Filters.- References and Sources for Further Reading.- 7. CMOS Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion Systems.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Digital Codes in A/D and D/A Converters.- 7.3. Characterization of A/D and D/A Converters — Basic Parameters and Properties.- 7.3.1. Static Parameters.- 7.3.2. Dynamic Parameters.- 7.4. Components of A/D and D/A Conversion Systems.- 7.5. D/A Converter Circuits.- 7.5.1. Principles of Operation of Basic D/A Converters.- 7.5.2. Binary Weighted D/A Converters.- 7.5.3. Algorithmic and Pipelined D/A Converters.- 7.5.4. Parallel-Serial or Subranging D/A Converters.- 7.6. A/D Converters — An Overview.- 7.7. High Speed (Video) A/D Converters.- 7.7.1. Parallel or Flash A/D Converters.- 7.7.2. Pipelined A/D Converters.- 7.8. Medium-Speed A/D Converters.- 7.8.1. Cyclic or Algorithmic A/D Converters.- 7.8.2. Successive Approximation A/D Converters.- 7.9. High Performance, Medium- and Low-Speed A/D Converters.- 7.9.1. Oversampling A/D Converters.- 7.9.2. Integrating-Type A/D Converters: Dual-Slope A/D Converters.- References and Sources for Further Reading.