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vlotman willem f. ; smedema lambert k.; rycroft david w. - modern land drainage
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Modern Land Drainage Planning, Design and Management of Agricultural Drainage Systems

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Genere:Libro
Lingua: Inglese
Editore:

CRC Press

Pubblicazione: 05/2020
Edizione: Edizione nuova, 2° edizione





Note Editore

Modern Land Drainage 2nd edition is a fully revised and updated edition of the 2004 edition. Modern Land Drainage describes traditional drainage formulas (Hooghoudt, Kirkham, Donnan, Ernst, Glover-Dumm) for rainfed agriculture in the humid temperature zone. Significant parts are devoted to drainage for salinity control of irrigated land in (semi-) arid zones, and to drainage of rice land in the humid tropics. Institutional, management and maintenance aspects are extensively covered, as well as the mitigation of adverse impacts of drainage interventions on the environment. The latest computer applications for drainage design in the context of integrated water management are described (DRAINMOD, HEC, SWAP, etc.). Field surveys are executed by governments, with the aid of consultants, but rarely are the end stakeholders (i.e., farmers and general public) involved from inception to planning to execution of a drainage system. Yet, during the Operation, Management and Maintenance (OMM) phase of a water management system, they are expected to takeover, run, bear and be responsible for the costs of OMM. The book describes successful methodologies and processes to be followed for engagement of stakeholders at all levels, from government to farm, from minister to farmer, and, from beginning to end. The book covers all aspects needed for sustainable drainage. The latest survey methodologies with satellites and drones are suggested to assess cause and effect. Waterlogging and salinity are the effect of something caused most likely upstream of the drainage problem location. Hence treating the cause may be more cost-effective. Triple Bottom Line (social, environmental and financial considerations) and the water-food-energy nexus are an integral part of the drainage design process. Controlled drainage, i.e. the balance of removal and conservation of drainage water and minimising solute transport as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA principle) is extensively described. This work is intended for use both as a university level textbook and as a professional handbook; it is of particular value to professionals engaged in drainage development in the context of integrated water resources and river basin management, civil and agricultural engineers, government officials, university students and libraries.




Sommario

PART IINTRODUCTION1LAND DRAINAGE FOR AGRICULTURE1.1Drainage Objectives; Scope of the Book1.2Global Drainage Zones1.2.1Temperate zone1.2.2Arid and semiarid zone1.2.3Humid and semi-humid zone1.3Agro-Hydrological Regimes1.4Waterlogging Control1.4.1Positive and adverse impacts1.4.2Responses to improved drainage1.5Salinity Control1.6Drainage Systems1.7Bio-Drainage1.8Environmental Impacts1.8.1Stream flow regimes1.8.2Water quality1.8.3Wetlands and conservation drainage1.8.4Public health1.9Drainage Development Considerations 2PLANNING AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS2.1Design rainfall2.2Percolation of excess irrigation water2.3Design of field drainage systems2.4Determination of design criteria 3REMOTE SENSING AND FIELD RECONNAISSANCE3.1Need for drainage and problem diagnosis3.2Remote sensing and aerial survey3.3Field investigations3.4Planning stakeholder engagement3.5Stages of project preparation3.6Operation, management and maintenance 4ASSESSMENT OF COSTS4.1Required Information4.2Discounting4.3Evaluation Indices4.4Cost Evaluation of Open and Pipe Drainage Systems incl. O&M4.5Cost Calculations for Pipe Drainage Systems4.5.1Cost structure for pipe drainage construction4.5.2Guidelines for cost calculations4.5.3Example cost calculation PART IIINVESTIGATIONS5CLIMATE, LAND, SOIL AND ENVIRONMENT5.1Climate5.1.1Climate; soil moisture balance calculations5.1.2Climate: rainfall depth-duration-frequency studies5.2Topography5.3Soil and Land Conditions5.4Soil Parameters and Properties5.4.1Texture5.4.2Plasticity index5.4.3Bulk density and soil moisture content5.4.4Sample quantity and density5.4.5Data requirement for drain envelope design5.5Watertable and Groundwater5.5.1Watertable observation wells5.5.2Piezometric studies5.5.3Groundwater sampling5.6Hydrology and Geohydrology5.6.1Runoff and flooding5.6.2Outlet conditions5.6.3Geohydrological conditions5.7Agriculture and Irrigation5.8Pilot Areas and Field Testing5.8.1Types of pilot areas5.8.2Analysis of results of pilot areas5.8.3Visual drainage need assessment5.8.4Statistical analysis5.9Environmental Impact5.9.1Environmental impact assessment5.9.2Miscellaneous investigations 6WATER IN THE SOIL6.1Forms and Nature of Occurrence of Water in the Soil6.2Pressures in the Soil Water6.3Soil Moisture Characteristics6.4Soil Water Potential and Soil Water Movement6.5Unsaturated Zone; Soil Moisture Constants6.6Infiltration and Percolation6.7Groundwater Flow; Laplace Equation 7HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY7.1Laboratory Measurement7.2Field Measurements below the Watertable7.2.1Augerhole method7.2.2Piezometer method7.2.3Drain outflow method7.3Field Measurements above the Watertable7.3.1Infiltrometer-method7.3.2Inverted augerhole method (Porchet method)7.4Composed K-Values7.5Surveys and Data Processing PART IIISYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY8SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS8.1Pipe Drain Systems8.2Deep Ditch Systems8.3Drainpipes8.4Envelopes8.4.1Envelope need8.4.2Material selection8.4.3Envelope thickness8.5Envelope Design Guidelines and Criteria8.5.1Granular envelopes8.5.2Organic envelopes8.5.3Synthetic envelopes8.6Structures in Pipe Drain Systems8.6.1Surface water inlets8.6.2Inspection, junctions and control8.6.3Crossings8.6.4Outlet of a pipe drain into a ditch or canal8.6.5Sump outlet8.7Construction of Pipe Drain Systems8.7.1Setting out, depth and grade control8.7.2Installation methods and machinery8.7.3Construction and quality control8.7.4Timing of installation8.7.5Installation below the watertable8.7.6Backfill 9SURFACE/SHALLOW DRAINAGE SYSTEMS9.1Bedding Systems9.2Shallow Ditch Systems9.2.1Types of shallow ditch systems9.2.2Some technical aspects of shallow ditch systems9.3Mole Drainage Systems9.4Pipe Drainage Systems9.5Complementary Measures9.5.1Sub-soiling9.5.2Deep ploughing9.5.3Chemical amendments and organic matter9.5.4Land levelling 10MAIN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS10.1Main Features10.1.1Drainage basin (watershed, catchment)10.1.2Types and alignment of drainage canals10.1.3Outlet and water levels10.1.4Outlet Structures10.2Lowland and Upland Drainage10.2.1Lowland polder10.2.2River polders10.2.3Upland discharges10.2.4Drainage of urban areas PART IVDESIGN11DESIGN OF PIPE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS11.1Flow Patterns11.2Drain Spacing Formulae11.3Hooghoudt Formula11.3.1Use of the Hooghoudt formula11.3.2Notes on the Hooghoudt formula11.3.3Drain spacing determination in anisotropic soils11.4Non-Steady State Drainage Formulae11.4.1Falling watertable (Glover-Dumm formula)11.4.2Fluctuating watertable (de Zeeuw and Hellinga formula)11.5Basic Design Criteria11.5.1Criteria for off-season drainage11.5.2Criteria for crop-season drainage11.5.3The impact of drain depth and drainable pore space11.5.4Drainage criteria determined by simulation11.6Drain Depth11.7Pipe Diameter 12DESIGN DISCHARGES12.1Discharge Transformation12.2Design Considerations12.3Statistical Analysis of Observed Discharges12.4Flat basins12.4.1Subsurface drainage12.4.2Shallow drainage12.4.3Further guidance for flat basins12.5Sloping Basins12.5.1Rational formula12.5.2Curve Number method12.5.3Synthetic hydrographs12.6Area Reduction Formulae12.7Discharge Reduction through Storage12.7.1Retention reservoirs12.7.2Canal storage 13DESIGN OF DRAINAGE CANALS, PUMPS AND STRUCTURES13.1Drainage Canals13.1.1Discharge rate13.1.2Hydraulic gradient and water levels13.1.3Permissible flow velocities13.1.4Cross-section13.1.5Roughness coefficient13.1.6Freeboard13.2Structures in Drainage Canals13.2.1Culverts and bridges13.2.2Weirs13.2.3Backwater curves13.2.4Example Canal Design13.3Tidal Outlets13.3.1Local variations in tide13.3.2Discharge through a sluice13.3.3Example of calculations13.4Pumps13.4.1Types of pumps13.4.2Pumping head and characteristics13.4.3Pump selection13.4.4Sump and intake design13.4.5Power and cost calculations13.4.6Example cost calculations of an electrically driven pump PART VSALINITY CONTROL14SOIL SALINITY14.1Forms of Occurrence and Distribution of Salts in the Soil14.1.1The soil solution14.1.2Adsorbed cations14.1.3Equilibrium relationships14.1.4Distribution of salts in the soil14.2Agricultural Impacts; Diagnosis and Assessment14.2.1Osmotic problems14.2.2Toxicity problems14.2.3Dispersion problems14.2.4Corrosion problems14.3Classification14.3.1Classification systems14.3.2Field appearance14.4Conventional Mapping and Sampling14.4.1Sampling14.4.2Laboratory analysis14.5New Salinity Measurement and Mapping Techniques14.5.1The EM3814.5.2Time Domain Reflectometry14.5.3Remote sensing methods 15IRRIGATION INDUCED SALINISATION15.1Salinisation by the Applied Irrigation Water15.2Salinisation from the Groundwater (Capillary Salinisation)15.2.1Critical watertable depth15.2.2Factors influencing capillary salinisation15.3Sodification15.4Salt Balance of Irrigated Land15.4.1Leaching requirement calculations15.4.2Regional salt balances15.5Irrigation Water Quality15.5.1Salinity hazard15.5.2Sodicity hazard15.5.3Toxicity hazards15.5.4Examples of irrigation water quality appraisal 16DRAINAGE OF IRRIGATED LAND16.1Waterlogging and Salinity16.2Surface Drainage16.3Pipe Drainage Systems16.3.1Drain depth16.3.2Design criteria16.3.3Layout patterns16.3.4Pipe diameter16.4Well or Vertical Drainage16.4.1Types of aquifers16.4.2Design of well (vertical) drainage16.5Main Drainage16.5.1Design discharge16.5.2Disposal of saline drainage water PART VISPECIAL TOPICS17SEEPAGE AND INTERCEPTION17.1Drainage Systems for Sloping Land17.1.1Longitudinal drainage17.1.2Transverse drainage17.2Interception17.2.1Interception of seepage down the slope17.2.2Interception of Canal Seepage17.3Natural Drainage of River Valleys17.4Seepage into a Polder17.4.1Semi-confined flow17.4.2Phreatic flow17.5Seep Zones and Springs 18RECLAMATION AND DRAINAGE OF UNRIPENED SOILS18.1The Soil Ripening Processes18.1.1Physical ripening18.1.2Other ripening processes18.2Reclamation and Drainage Methods18.2.1Early reclamation stage18.2.2Development of the hydraulic conductivity (K-value)18.2.3Advanced reclamation stage18.2.4Drainage, evaporation and ripening18.3Acid Sulphate Soils18.3.1Acidification processes18.




Autore

Willem F. Vlotman worked with Dutch and American consultants on agricultural drainage, urban drainage and irrigation projects in the Netherlands, the West Indies and Asia. In 1988, he joined the International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI) and has worked for this organisation in Pakistan, Egypt and the Netherlands. In 2004 he immigrated to Australia and worked with the Murray-Darling Basin Authority until retirement in 2017. Willem Vlotman was chairman of the Working Group on Drainage of the international Commission on Irrigation and Drainage (ICID) from 1995-2013. Lambert K. Smedema worked most of his career for Euroconsult on irrigation in Africa and South America and on drainage in the Middle East and Asia. He was a lecturer/researcher at the University of Nairobi and at the Delft University of Technology. During the nineties, he worked as a consultant with the World Bank and with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Lambert Smedema is currently working as an independent consultant. David W. Rycroft began his professional career working for the UK Ministry of Agriculture at their Field Drainage Experimental Unit based in Cambridge. He subsequently joined consultants Sir M MacDonald and Partners and worked as a salinity control and land drainage specialist on large projects in Iraq, Somalia and Egypt. In 1979, David Rycroft joined the Institute of Irrigation Studies (Southampton University) to teach in combination with his overseas consultancy work.










Altre Informazioni

ISBN:

9780367458775

Condizione: Nuovo
Dimensioni: 9.75 x 6.75 in Ø 2.05 lb
Formato: Brossura
Pagine Arabe: 472
Pagine Romane: xxx


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