Modern Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles International Student Edition

The book deals with the fundamentals, theoretical bases, and design methodologies of conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). The design methodology is described in mathematical terms, step-by-step, and the topics are approached from the overall drive train system, not just individual components. Furthermore, in explaining the design methodology of each drive train, design examples are presented with simulation results.

1. Environmental Impact and History of Modern Transportation 1.1 Air Pollution 1.2 Global Warming 1.3 Petroleum Resources 1.4 Induced Costs 1.5 Importance of Different Transportation Development Strategies to Future Oil Supply 1.6 History of EVs 1.7 History of HEVs 1.8 History of Fuel Cell Vehicles References 2. Fundamentals of Vehicle Propulsion and Brake 2.1 General Description of Vehicle Movement 2.2 Vehicle Resistance 2.3 Dynamic Equation 2.4 Tire–Ground Adhesion and Maximum Tractive Effort 2.5 Power Train Tractive Effort and Vehicle Speed 2.6 Vehicle Performance 2.7 Operating Fuel Economy 2.8 Brake Performance References 3. Internal Combustion Engines 3.1 Spark Ignition (SI) Engine 3.2 Compression Ignition (CI) Engine 3.3 Alternative Fuels and Alternative Fuel Engines References 4. Vehicle Transmission 4.1 Power Plant Characteristics 4.2 Transmission Characteristics 4.3 Manual Gear Transmission (MT) 4.4 Automatic Transmission 4.5 Continuously Variable Transmission 4.6 Infinitely Variable Transmissions (IVT) 4.7 Dedicated Hybrid Transmission (DHT) References 5. Hybrid Electric Vehicles 5.1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains 5.2 Architectures of Hybrid Electric Drivetrains References 6. Electric Propulsion Systems 6.1 DC Motor Drives 6.2 Induction Motor Drives 6.3 Permanent Magnetic BLDC Motor Drives 6.4 SRM Drives References 7. Design Principle of Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain 7.1 Operation Patterns 7.2 Control Strategies 7.3 Design Principles of a Series (Electrical Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain 7.4 Design Example References 8. Parallel (Mechanically Coupled) Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 8.1 Drivetrain Configuration and Design Objectives 8.2 Control Strategies 8.3 Parametric Design of a Drivetrain 8.4 Simulations References 9. Design and Control Methodology of Series–Parallel (Torque and Speed Coupling) Hybrid Drivetrain 9.1 Drivetrain Configuration 9.2 Drivetrain Control Methodology 9.3 Drivetrain Parameters Design 9.4 Simulation of an Example Vehicle References 10. Design and Control Principles of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 10.1 Statistics of Daily Driving Distance 10.2 Energy Management Strategy 10.3 Energy Storage Design References 11. Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 11.1 Energy Consumed in Braking and Transmission 11.2 Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain 11.3 Series–Parallel Mild Hybrid Electric Drivetrain References 12. Peaking Power Sources and Energy Storages 12.1 Electrochemical Batteries 12.2 Ultracapacitors 12.3 Ultra-High-Speed Flywheels 12.4 Hybridization of Energy Storages References 13. Fundamentals of Regenerative Braking 13.1 Braking Energy Consumed in Urban Driving 13.2 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Speed 13.3 Braking Energy versus Braking Power 13.4 Braking Power versus Vehicle Speed 13.5 Braking Energy versus Vehicle Deceleration Rate 13.6 Braking Energy on Front and Rear Axles 13.7 Brake System of EV, HEV, and FCV References 14. Fuel Cells 14.1 Operating Principles of Fuel Cells 14.2 Electrode Potential and Current–Voltage Curve 14.3 Fuel and Oxidant Consumption 14.4 Fuel Cell System Characteristics 14.5 Fuel Cell Technologies 14.6 Fuel Supply 14.7 Non-Hydrogen Fuel Cells References 15. Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Drivetrain Design 15.1 Configuration 15.2 Control Strategy 15.3 Parametric Design 15.4 Design Example References 16. Design of Series Hybrid Drivetrain for Off-Road Vehicles 16.1 Motion Resistance 16.2 Tracked Series Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain Architecture 16.3 Parametric Design of the Drivetrain 16.4 Engine/Generator Power Design 16.5 Power and Energy Design of Energy Storage References 17. Design of Full-Size Engine HEV with Optimal Hybridization Ratio 17.1 Design Philosophy of Full-Size Engine HEV 17.2 Optimal Hybridization Ratio 17.3 10–25 kW Electrical Drive Packages 17.4 Comparison with Commercially Available Passenger Cars References 18. Power Train Optimization 18.1 Power Train Modeling Techniques 18.2 Defining Performance Criteria 18.3 Power Train Simulation Methods 18.4 Modular Power Train Structure 18.5 Optimization Problem 18.6 Case Studies: Optimization of Power Train Topology and Component Sizing References 19. A User Guide for the Multiobjective Optimization Toolbox 19.1 About the Software 19.2 Software Structure 19.3 Capabilities and Limitations of the Software Appendix: Technical Overview of Toyota Prius Index

M. Ehsani is the Robert M. Kennedy Professor or Electrical engineering at Texas A&M University. From 1974 to 1981, he was a research engineer at the Fusion Research Center, University of Texas and with Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, as a Resident Research Associate. Since 1981, he has been at Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas where he is now an endowed professor of electrical engineering and Director of the Advanced Vehicle Systems Research Program and the Power Electronics and Motor Drives Laboratory. He is the author of over 400 publications in pulsed-power supplies, high-voltage engineering, power electronics, motor drives, advanced vehicle systems, and sustainable energy engineering. He is the recipient of several Prize Paper Awards from the IEEE-Industry Applications Society, as well as over 100 other international honors and recognitions, including the IEEE Vehicular Society 2001 Avant Garde Award for "Contributions to the theory and design of hybrid electric vehicles." In 2003, he was selected for the IEEE Undergraduate Teaching Award "For outstanding contributions to advanced curriculum development and teaching of power electronics and drives." In 2005, he was elected as the Fellow of Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). He is the co-author of 17 books on power electronics, motor drives and advanced vehicle systems. He has over 30 granted or pending US and EU patents. His current research work is in power electronics, motor drives, hybrid vehicles and their control systems, and sustainable energy engineering. Dr. Ehsani has been a member of IEEE Power Electronics Society (PELS) AdCom, past Chairman of PELS Educational Affairs Committee, past Chairman of IEEE-IAS Industrial Power Converter Committee and past chairman of the IEEE Myron Zucker Student-Faculty Grant program. He was the General Chair of the IEEE Power Electronics Specialist Conference for 1990. He is the founder of IEEE Power and Propulsion Conference, the founding chairman of the IEEE VTS Vehicle Power and Propulsion and chairman of Convergence Fellowship Committees. In 2002 he was elected to the Board of Governors of VTS. He has also served on the editorial board of several technical journals and was the associate editor of IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics and IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. He is a Life Fellow of IEEE, a past IEEE Industrial Electronics Society and Vehicular Technology Society Distinguished Speaker, IEEE Industry Applications Society and Power Engineering Society Distinguished Lecturer. He is also a registered professional engineer in the State of Texas. Yimin Gao received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in mechanical engineering (major in development, design, and manufacturing of automotive systems) in 1982, 1986, and 1991, respectively, all from Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. From 1982 to 1983, he worked as a vehicle design engineer in DongFeng Motor Company, Shiyan, Hubei, China. He finished a layout design of a 5-ton truck (EQ144) and participated in prototyping and testing. From 1983 to 1986, he was a graduate student in Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. His working field was improvement of vehicle fuel economy by optimal matching of engine and transmission. From 1987 to 1992, he was a Ph.D. student in the Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China. During this period, he worked on research and development of legged vehicles, which can potentially operate in harsh environments where mobility is difficult for wheeled vehicles. From 1991 to 1995, he was an associate professor and automotive design engineer in the Automotive Engineering College of Jilin University of Technology. In this period, he taught undergraduate students the course of Automotive Theory and Design several rounds and graduate students the course of Automotive Experiment Technique two rounds. Meanwhile, he also conducted vehicle performance, chassis, and components analysis, and conducted automotive design including chassis design, power train design, suspension design, steering system design, and brake design. He jointed the Advanced Vehicle Systems Research Program at Texas A&M University in 1995 as a research associate. Since then, he has been working in this program on research and development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. His research areas are mainly on the fundamentals, architecture, control, modeling, design of electric and hybrid electric drive trains and major components. He is a member of SAE. Stefano Longo, after graduating in Electrical and Electronic Engineering, received his MSc in Control Systems from the University of Sheffield, UK, in 2007 and his PhD, also in Control Systems, from the University of Bristol, UK, in 2010. His PhD thesis was awarded the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) Control and Automation Pri