Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators

Now in its Third Edition, Alternative Energy Systems: Design and Analysis with Induction Generators has been renamed Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators to convey the book’s primary objective—to present the fundamentals of and latest advances in the modeling and analysis of induction generators. New to the Third Edition Revised equations and mathematical modeling Addition of solved problems as well as suggested problems at the end of each chapter New modeling and simulation cases Mathematical modeling of the Magnus turbine to be used with induction generators Detailed comparison between the induction generators and their competitors Modeling and Analysis with Induction Generators, Third Edition aids in understanding the process of self-excitation, numerical analysis of stand-alone and multiple induction generators, requirements for optimized laboratory experimentation, application of modern vector control, optimization of power transference, use of doubly fed induction generators, computer-based simulations, and social and economic impacts.

Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Authors Principles of Alternative Sources of Energy and Electric Generation Scope of This Chapter Legal Definitions Principles of Electrical Conversion Basic Definitions of Electrical Power Characteristics of Primary Sources Characteristics of Remote Industrial, Commercial, and Residential Sites and Rural Energy Selection of the Electric Generator Interfacing Primary Source, Generator, and Load Example of a Simple Integrated Generating and Energy-Storing System Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Steady-State Model of Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Interconnection and Disconnection of the Electric Distribution Network Robustness of Induction Generators Classical Steady-State Representation of the Asynchronous Machine Generated Power Induced Torque Representation of Induction Generator Losses Measurement of Induction Generator Parameters Blocked Rotor Test (s = 1) No-Load Test (s = 0) Features of Induction Machines Working as Generators Interconnected to the Distribution Network High-Efficiency Induction Generator Doubly Fed Induction Generator Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Transient Model of Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Induction Machine in Transient State State Space–Based Induction Generator Modeling No-Load Induction Generator State Equations of SEIG with Resistive Load, R State Equations of SEIG with RLC Load Partition of SEIG State Matrix with RLC Load Generalization of the Association of Self-Excited Generators Relationship between Torque and Shaft Oscillation Oscillation Equation Transient Simulation of Induction Generators Example of Transient Model of an Induction Generator Effect of RLC Load Connection Loss of Excitation Parallel Connection of Induction Generators Concepts Covered in This Chapter to Help Practical Design Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Self-Excited Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Performance of Self-Excited Induction Generators Magnetizing Curves and Self-Excitation Mathematical Description of the Self-Excitation Process Series Capacitors and Composed Excitation of Induction Generators Three-Phase Generators Operating in Single-Phase Mode Solved Problems Suggested Problems References General Characteristics of Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Torque–Speed Characteristics of Induction Generators Power versus Current Characteristics Rotor Power Factor as a Function of Rotation Nonlinear Relationship between Air-Gap Voltage Vg and Magnetizing Current Im Minimization of Laboratory Tests Example for Determining Magnetizing Curve and Magnetizing Reactance Voltage Regulation Characteristics of Rotation Comparison of Induction Generators with Other Generators Solved Problem Suggested Problems References Construction Features of Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Electromechanical Considerations Optimization of the Manufacturing Process Types of Design Sizing the Machine Efficiency Issues Comparison of Induction Generators, PM, and Ferrite Machines Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Bibliography Power Electronics for Interfacing Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Power Semiconductor Devices Power Electronics and Converter Circuits Regulators Inverters Protection and Monitoring Units DC to DC Conversion AC to DC Conversion Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifiers, Uncontrolled and Controlled Types DC to AC Conversion Single-Phase H-Bridge Inverter Three-Phase Inverter Multistep Inverter Multilevel Inverter Direct AC to AC Conversion Diode-Bridge Arrangement Common-Emitter Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair Common-Collector Antiparallel IGBT Diode Pair Power Electronics to Reduce Self-Excitation Capacitance SEIG–IMC Connection Power Electronic Controls of the IMC Stand-Alone Induction Generator Schemes Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Scalar Control for Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Scalar Control Background Scalar Control Schemes Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Vector Control for Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Vector Control for Induction Generators Axis Transformation Space Vector Notation Field-Oriented Control Indirect Vector Control Direct Vector Control Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Optimized Control for Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Why Optimize Induction Generator–Based Renewable Energy Systems? Optimization Principles: Optimize Benefit or Minimize Effort Application of HCC for Induction Generators HCC-Based Maximum Power Search Fixed Step Divided Step Adaptive Step Exponential Step Practical Implementation of Incremental Steps FLC-Based Maximum Power Search Fuzzy Control of Induction Generators Description of Fuzzy Controllers Experimental Evaluation of Fuzzy Optimization Control Chapter Summary Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Doubly Fed Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Features of DFIG Sub- and Supersynchronous Modes Operation of DFIG Interconnected and Stand-Alone Operations Field-Oriented Control of DFIG Rotor-End Converter Control Harmonic Compensation Stator Flux Orientation Front-End Converter Control Active–Reactive Power Control for a Doubly Fed Induction Generator Stand-Alone Doubly Fed Induction Generator Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Simulation Tools for Induction Generators Scope of This Chapter Design Fundamentals of Small Power Plants Simplified Design of Small Wind Power Plants Simulation of Self-Excited Induction Generators in PSpice Simulation of Self-Excited Induction Generators in Pascal Simulation of Steady-State Operation of an Induction Generator Using Microsoft Excel Simulation of Vector-Controlled Schemes Using MATLAB®/Simulink® Inputs Outputs Indirect Vector Control Direct Vector Control with Rotor Flux Direct Vector Control with Stator Flux Evaluation of the MATLAB/Simulink Program Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator in PSIM Simulation of A Self-Excited Induction Generator in MATLAB Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator in C Solved Problem Suggested Problems References Applications of Induction Generators in Alternative Sources of Energy Scope of This Chapter Voltage and Frequency Control of Induction Generators Application of Electronic Load Controllers Wind Power with Variable Speed Run-of-River Hydro Generation Wave and Tidal Powers Stirling Engine Power and Cogeneration Danish Concept Doubly Fed Induction Generator Pump-as-Turbine Pumped-Storage Plants or Back-Pumping Constant Frequency, Constant Speed, and Constant Power Linear Induction Generator Stand-Alone Operation IG for Wind Turbine Magnus Mathematical Model of Turbine Magnus Distributed Generation Suggested Problems References Economics of Induction Generator–Based Renewable Systems Scope of This Chapter Optimal and Market Price of Energy in a Regulatory Environment World Climate Change Related to Power Generation Economy of Renewable Sources and Hydrogen Energy versus Environment Economy Appraisal of Investment Benefit–Cost Ratio Net Present Value (or Discounted Cash Flow) Internal Rate of Return Payback Period Least-Cost Analysis Sensitivity Analysis Concept Selection and Optimization of Investment Future Directions Solved Problems Suggested Problems References Appendix A: Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Appendix B: C Statements for the Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator Appendix C: Pascal Statements for the Simulation of a Self-Excited Induction Generator Appendix D: Power Tracking Curve-Based Algorithm for Wind Energy Systems Index

M. Godoy Simões holds a B.Sc, M.Sc, and D.Sc (Livre-Docência) from the University of São Paulo, Brazil, and a Ph.D from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA. An IEEE senior member, Dr. Simões currently works at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA, and is director of the Center for Advanced Control of Energy and Power Systems. Widely published and highly decorated, he was recently awarded a Fulbright Fellowship to conduct research and educational activities at the University of Aalborg, Denmark. Previously, Dr. Simões was a faculty member at the University of São Paulo. Felix A. Farret received bachelor’s and master’s degrees in electrical engineering from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Brazil. He specialized in electronic instrumentation at Osaka Prefectural Industrial Research Institute, Japan; earned an M.Sc from the University of Manchester, UK; received a Ph.D from the University of London, UK; and did a postdoctoral program at the Colorado School of Mines, Golden, USA. Widely published, he is currently a professor at UFSM. Previously, he worked as an engineer at the State Electric Power Company, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and was visiting professor at the Colorado School of Mines.