Miniaturized Electrochemical Devices Advanced Concepts, Fabrication, and Applications

Evidently, electrochemical sensing has revolutionized the electroanalytical detections in the world. Since the 19th century, a huge amount of growth has been visible on various fronts, such as biosensors, energy devices, semiconductor devices, communication, embedded systems, sensors etc. However, the major research gap lies in the fact that most of the reported literatures are bulk systems; hence there are limitations for practical applications. Research in these domains has been carried out by both academia and industry, whereby academics is the backbone whose intellectual outputs have been widely adopted by the industry and implemented for consumers at large. In order to impart portability to the electrochemical sensors for point-of-care application, the collaboration of electrochemistry, micro?uidics, electronics and communication as an interdisciplinary forum is crucial. The miniaturization, automation, IoT enabling and integration are the requirements for building the mentioned research gap. The conversion of electrochemical sensing theoretical concepts to practical applications in real time via miniaturization and integration of micro?uidics will enhance this domain. In this context, of lately, several research groups have developed miniaturized microdevices as electrochemical-sensing platforms. This has led to a demand of offering a reference book as a guideline for the PhD programs in electrochemistry, MEMS, electronics and communication. Undoubtedly, this will have a huge impact for R&D in industries, public-funded research institutes and academic institutions. The book will provide a single forum to understand the current research trends and future perspectives of various electrochemical sensors and their integration in micro?uidic devices, automation and point-of-care testing. For students, the book will become a motivation for them to explore these areas for their career standpoints. For the professionals, the book will become a thought-provoking stage to manoeuvre the next-generation devices/processes for commercialization.

Chapter 1 1. Introduction1.1 Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis1.2. Process parameters in ECMM1.3.Power supply in ECMM1.4 Electrolytes in ECMM1.5.Tool design in ECMM1.6.Recent advancements in ECMMFigure LegendAbbreviationsList of SymbolsConstantsReferencesIndex Chapter 22.1 Introduction2.2 Fabrication of ECD2.3 Functional Principle behind Electrochromism2.4 EC Parameters2.5 Types of EC Materials 2.6 Conclusion and OutlooksReferences Chapter 33.1 Introduction3.2 Mathematical Formulation3.3 Solution Methodology3.4 Results and Discussions3.5 ConclusionsAcknowledgement References Chapter 44.1 Introduction4.2 (p)ppGpp and stress response4.3 Biofilm4.4 Biofilm and human pathogens4.5 Second messenger and formation of biofilm4.6 Biofilm quantification and imagining4.7 Biofilm Chip4.8 Other chip-based methods4.9 DiscussionReferences Chapter 55.1. Introduction5.2. Working Principles5.3. Design And Fabrication Considerations5.4. Devices For Detection, Monitoring And Remediation Of Environmental Pollutants. 5.5. Future Perspectives5.6. ConclusionReferences Chapter 66.1 INTRODUCTION6.2 DEVICE MATERIAL AND STRUCTURE6.3 TRANSDUCTION MECHANISMS6.4 FLEXIBLE SENSORS6.5 CONCLUSIONReferences Chapter 7 7.1Introduction 7.2 Chronic Wounds and Biomarkers 7.3 Wound infections7.4 Electrochemical sensors for monitoring biomarkers 7.5 Electrochemical sensors for pathogen detection 7.6 Materials for biosensors used for monitoring wounds 7.7 Development of modern-day biosensors for wound management 7.8 Role of machine learning in wound management 7.9 Challenges and the way forward References Chapter 88.1 Introduction8.2 Synthesis of phosphorene from black phosphorous 8.3 Applications 8.4 Conclusions and Future scopeReferences Chapter 99.1 Introduction9.2 Electrochemical Analytical Methods 9.3 Detection of Pathogens Using Various Techniques9.4 ConclusionReferences Chapter 1010.1 Introduction 10.2Paper and cloth based ECL systems 10.3 Existing research gaps and potential solutions10.4 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences Chapter 1111.1 Introduction11.2 MXene-based miniaturized energy storage devices 11.3 Conclusions and OutlookReferences Chapter 1212.1. Introduction12.2. Fundamentals12.3. Topologies and performance metrics12.4. Electrode materials for microsupercapacitors12.5. Fabrication methods12.6. Various ways to improve the performance of microsupercapacitors12.7. Applications of microsupercapacitrors12.8. Conclusions12.9. Challenges and future outlook12.10. Acknowledgements12.11. References Chapter 1313.1 Introduction13.2 Photophysical, electrochemical property besides non-volatile RS memory device execution of BHEPDQ 13.3 Photophysical property, electrochemical study besides solar cell investigation of BCCPDQ13.4 OverviewAcknowledgmentReferences Chapter 1414.1 Introduction14.2 Mathematical Formulation 14.3Solution Methodology14.4 Results and Discussions 14.5ConclusionsReferences Chapter 1515.1 Introduction: Background 15.2 General Overview of Biosensors 15.3 Biological Field Effect Transistor (BioFET) 15.4 Dielectrically Modulated Biological Field Effect Transistor (DM-BioFET) 15.5 Summary References Chapter 1616.1 Introduction to Surface Plasmon Resonance16.2 Advancement in Surface Plasmon Resonance16.3 Electrochemical SPR and applications16.4 ConclusionReferences Chapter 1717.1.Introduction17.2.History of EESDs and materials17.3.Fundamentals and types of EESDs17.4.CBMs for supercapacitors and batteries17.5.Prospects and conclusionReferences Chapter 1818.1. Introduction18.2. Biosensors18.3. Rare Cell Types & their Isolation18.4. Electrochemical Biosensor18.5. Future of Electrochemical Biosensors18.6. ConclusionReferences

Dr. Sanket Goel is a Professor with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering and Dean, sponsored research and consultancy division at BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus. He joined the institution in 2015, during his tenure, he headed the EEE Department at BITS-Pilani (2017-2020). Prior to this, he led the R&D department and was an Associate Professor at the University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India (2011-2015). Dr. Goel did his BSc (H- Physics) from the Ramjas College, Delhi University; MSc (Physics) from IIT Delhi; PhD (Electrical Engineering) from the University of Alberta, Canada on NSERC fellowship; and MBA in International Business from Amity University in 1998, 2000, 2006 and 2012 respectively. He has worked with two Indian national labs, Institute of Plasma Research, Gandhinagar (2000-2001) and DEBEL-DRDO, Bangalore (2006). As an NIH fellow, Sanket did his postdoctoral work at the Stanford University, US (2006-2008), and worked as a Principal Investigator at A*STAR, Singapore (2008- 20011). His current research interests are MEMS, Microfluidics, Nanotechnology, Materials and Devices for Energy, Biochemical and Biomedical Applications, Science Policy and Innovation & Entrepreneurship. As a Principal Investigator, Sanket has been implementing several funded projects (from DRDO, DST, ISRO, MNRE, Government of India; UNESCO; European Commission) and has been collaborating with various groups in India and abroad. During the course of his career, Dr. Goel has won several awards, including Fulbright-Nehru fellowship (2015), DST Young Scientist Award (2013), American Electrochemical Society’s Best students paper award (2005), University of Alberta PhD thesis award (2005) etc. As on October 2020, he has more than 180 publications and 11 patents (1 US and 9 Indian) to his credits. He has delivered 70 invited talks, guided/guiding 20 PhD, and several Masters and Bachelors students. Dr. Goel is a Senior Member, IEEE; Life Member, Institute of Smart Systems and Structures; Life Member, Indian Society of Electrochemical Chemistry. Currently he is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on NanoBioscience, IEEE Sensors Journal, IEEE Access, Applied Nanoscience, and guest editor of Special Issue in Sensors - "3D Printed Microfluidic Devices". He is also serving as a Visiting Associate Professor with UiT, The Arctic University of Norway. Dr. Khairunnisa Amreen is working as a Young Scientist post doctorate for ICMR-DHR at Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus under the supervision of Prof. Sanket Goel. Before this she was a SERB-National Post doctorate fellow with the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad campus. Prior to this, she worked as an Assistant Professor at dept. of PG chemistry, St. Ann’s College for women, Hyd, India. Dr. Amreen graduated from Osmania University, Telangana, India and did her M.Sc. (Analytical Chemistry) from Vellore Institute of technology (VIT), Vellore, TN. India. She obtained her doctoral degree (Ph.D. in electrochemistry) from VIT, Vellore with specialization in electroanalytical sensing. Dr. Amreen has worked as a teaching cum research associate and as a CSIR-senior research fellow at VIT. Her research interests are biosensing, electrochemical sensing, nanotechnology, microfluidic electrochemical sensing, 3D printed electrodes and material synthesis. During the course of her career she has been awarded fellowships and awards like Science and Engineering Board-National Post doctorate, CSIR-SRF, Research award from VIT in recognition for her contribution to research and publications in reputed journals, Indo-Asian Research Excellence award. She has 50 research publications, 3 Indian patents, filed to her credit. She has also co-authored 12 book chapters for reputed publications like IEEE, Elsevier, IOP, science. She has presented paper in more than 15 international/national conferences. Dr. Amreen is a passionate speaker and has delivered several invited talks as a resource person. She believes in working for the benefit of the society through her research and presently working on fabricating devices for health management.