Metastases in Head and Neck Cancer

1 Basics of Lymphology.- 1.1 Embryology and Anatomy.- 1.2 Physiology and Pathophysiology.- References.- 2 Lymphogenic Metastatic Spread.- 2.1 Squamous Cell Carcinomas.- 2.2 Malignant Melanoma.- 2.3 Merkel Cell Carcinoma.- 2.4 Carcinomas of the Salivary Glands.- 2.5 Carcinomas of the Thyroid Gland.- References.- 3 The Pathology of Lymphogenic Metastatic Spread.- 3.1 Examination Methods.- 3.2 Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck.- 3.3 Metastases of Salivary Gland Tumors and Thyroid Gland Carcinomas.- 3.4 Uncommon Cervical Lymph Node Metastases.- 3.5 Non-Neoplastic Reactive Lymph Node Alterations.- References.- 4 Diagnostic Techniques.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Inspection and Palpation.- 4.3 B-Mode Sonography.- 4.4 Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.- 4.5 Lymphoscintigraphy.- 4.6 Positron Emission Tomography.- 4.7 Lymphography.- 4.8 Lymph Node Biopsy.- 4.9 Conclusion.- References.- 5 Principles of Surgery.- 5.1 History and Classification of the Surgical Treatment of Cervicofacial Lymph Node Metastases.- 5.2 Decision Points in Neck Dissection.- 6 Radiation Therapy: Principles and Treatment.- 6.1 Elective Neck Irradiation.- 6.2 Postoperative Radiation of the Node Positive Neck.- 6.3 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy.- 6.4 Future Potential Applications.- References.- 7 Surgical Treatment Concepts.- 7.1 The Role of Neck Dissection in the Treatment of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract.- 7.2 Neck Dissection for Lymphoepithelial Carcinomas.- Neck Dissection for Skin Malignancies.- 7.4 Neck Dissection for Carcinomas of the Salivary Glands.- 7.5 Neck Dissection for Carcinomas of the Thyroid Gland.- 7.6 Sentinel Node Biopsy.- 7.7 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Complications.- 8.1 Surgical Complications.- 8.2 Complications from Radiation Therapy.- References.- 9 Cancer of Unknown Primary Sites.- 9.1 General Considerations.- 9.2 Topography of Lymph Node Metastases in Cancer of Unknown Primary.- 9.3 Diagnostics.- 9.4 Prognosis in Patients with Cancer of Unknown Primary Site.- 9.5 Treatment Concepts of Lymph Node Metastases in Sqamous Cell Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Site.- 9.6 Treatment Concepts of Lymph Node Metastases in Adenocarcinoma.- 9.7 Treatment Concepts of Lymph Node Metastases in Occult Malignant Melanoma.- 9.8 Value of Post-Therapeutic Appearance of the Primary Cancer.- 9.9 Branchiogenic Carcinoma.- References.- 10 Distant Metastases.- 10.1 Nasopharynx.- 10.2 Lips and Anterior Oral Cavity.- 10.3 Oropharynx.- 10.4 Larynx and Hypopharynx.- 10.5 Cervical Esophagus.- 10.6 Salivary Glands.- 10.7 Thyroid Gland.- References.- 11 Post-Therapeutic Follow-Up Principles.- 11.1 General Considerations.- 11.2 Follow-Up Interval.- 11.3 Type, Extent and Costs of Follow-up Examinations.- References.